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Summary
The ancient and medieval Indian schools of philosophy call epistemology as Pramanas.
Different schools consider different number of epistemic means to correct knowledge, between one of Charvaka school to six of Advaita Vedanta: Pratyakṣa (perception), Anumāṇa (inference), Upamāṇa (comparison and analogy), Arthāpatti (postulation, derivation from circumstances), Anupalabdi (non-perception, negative/cognitive proof) and Śabda (word, testimony of past or present reliable experts).
To verify the interconnection and maps above: [1] Jeaneane Fowler (2002), Perspectives of Reality: An Introduction to the Philosophy of Hinduism, Sussex Academic Press, ISBN 978-1898723943, page 134-146; [2] Karl Potter (2004), The Encyclopedia of Indian Philosophies: Indian metaphysics and epistemology, Volume 2, Motilal Banarsidass, ISBN 978-8120803091, pages 222-238; [3] John A Grimes (2006), A Concise Dictionary of Indian Philosophy, State University of New York Press, ISBN 978-0791430675, pages 237-240
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| current | 13:56, 7 January 2017 | | 512 × 817 (9 KB) | 127.0.0.1 (talk) | The ancient and medieval Indian schools of philosophy call epistemology as Pramanas. <p>Different schools consider different number of epistemic means to correct knowledge, between one of Charvaka school to six of Advaita Vedanta: <i>Pratyakṣa</i> (perception), <i>Anumāṇa</i> (inference), <i><a href="//commons.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Upam%C4%81%E1%B9%87a&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Upamāṇa (page does not exist)">Upamāṇa</a></i> (comparison and analogy), <i>Arthāpatti</i> (postulation, derivation from circumstances), <i>Anupalabdi</i> (non-perception, negative/cognitive proof) and <i><a href="//commons.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=%C5%9Aabda&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Śabda (page does not exist)">Śabda</a></i> (word, testimony of past or present reliable experts). </p> To verify the interconnection and maps above: [1] Jeaneane Fowler (2002), Perspectives of Reality: An Introduction to the Philosophy of Hinduism, Sussex Academic Press, <a href="//commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781898723943" class="internal mw-magiclink-isbn">ISBN 978-1898723943</a>, page 134-146; [2] Karl Potter (2004), The Encyclopedia of Indian Philosophies: Indian metaphysics and epistemology, Volume 2, Motilal Banarsidass, <a href="//commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/9788120803091" class="internal mw-magiclink-isbn">ISBN 978-8120803091</a>, pages 222-238; [3] John A Grimes (2006), A Concise Dictionary of Indian Philosophy, State University of New York Press, <a href="//commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780791430675" class="internal mw-magiclink-isbn">ISBN 978-0791430675</a>, pages 237-240<div class="mw-content-ltr"> <table cellspacing="0" style="color:#000;background:#DDD;border:1px solid #BBB;margin:.1em;width:;" class="createdwithtemplate layouttemplate"><tr> <td style="width:1.2em;height:1.2em;padding:.2em;"> <div class="center"><div class="floatnone"><a href="//commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Notepad_icon_wide.svg" title="File:Notepad icon wide.svg"><img alt="Notepad icon wide.svg" src="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c1/Notepad_icon_wide.svg/20px-Notepad_icon_wide.svg.png" width="20" height="20" srcset="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c1/Notepad_icon_wide.svg/30px-Notepad_icon_wide.svg.png 1.5x, https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c1/Notepad_icon_wide.svg/40px-Notepad_icon_wide.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="41" data-file-height="41"></a></div></div> </td> <td style="font-size:.85em;padding:.2em;vertical-align:middle;">This <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vector_graphics" class="extiw" title="w:Vector graphics">vector image</a> was created with a <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Text_editor" class="extiw" title="w:Text editor">text editor</a>. </td> </tr></table> </div> <div class="mw-content-ltr plainlinks"> <table cellspacing="0" style="color:#000;background:#EFE;border:1px solid #55B05A;margin:.1em;width:;"><tr><td style="height:29px;line-height:2.1em;padding:0;vertical-align:middle"> <a href="//validator.w3.org/" rel="nofollow"><img alt="W3C" src="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1a/Valid_SVG_1.1_%28green%29.svg/88px-Valid_SVG_1.1_%28green%29.svg.png" width="88" height="30" style="vertical-align: top" srcset="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1a/Valid_SVG_1.1_%28green%29.svg/132px-Valid_SVG_1.1_%28green%29.svg.png 1.5x, https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1a/Valid_SVG_1.1_%28green%29.svg/176px-Valid_SVG_1.1_%28green%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="91" data-file-height="31"></a><span style="visibility:hidden; color:transparent;">i</span>The source code of this <a href="//commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Help:SVG" title="Help:SVG">SVG</a> is <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//validator.w3.org/check?uri=https%3A%2F%2Fcommons.wikimedia.org%2Fwiki%2FSpecial%3AFilepath%2F3_Pramana_Epistemology_Samkhya_Yoga_Hindu_schools.svg&ss=1#source"><span style="background:">valid</span></a>. </td></tr></table> </div> (This file was tested on <a rel="nofollow" class="external free" href="https://validator.w3.org/check">https://validator.w3.org/check</a> on January 19 2016, with result: Passed, This document was successfully checked as SVG 1.1 + XHTML + MathML 3.0!) |
| 13:56, 7 January 2017 |  | 512 × 817 (9 KB) | 127.0.0.1 (talk) | The ancient and medieval Indian schools of philosophy call epistemology as Pramanas. <p>Different schools consider different number of epistemic means to correct knowledge, between one of Charvaka school to six of Advaita Vedanta: <i>Pratyakṣa</i> (perception), <i>Anumāṇa</i> (inference), <i><a href="//commons.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Upam%C4%81%E1%B9%87a&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Upamāṇa (page does not exist)">Upamāṇa</a></i> (comparison and analogy), <i>Arthāpatti</i> (postulation, derivation from circumstances), <i>Anupalabdi</i> (non-perception, negative/cognitive proof) and <i><a href="//commons.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=%C5%9Aabda&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Śabda (page does not exist)">Śabda</a></i> (word, testimony of past or present reliable experts). </p> To verify the interconnection and maps above: [1] Jeaneane Fowler (2002), Perspectives of Reality: An Introduction to the Philosophy of Hinduism, Sussex Academic Press, <a href="//commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781898723943" class="internal mw-magiclink-isbn">ISBN 978-1898723943</a>, page 134-146; [2] Karl Potter (2004), The Encyclopedia of Indian Philosophies: Indian metaphysics and epistemology, Volume 2, Motilal Banarsidass, <a href="//commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/9788120803091" class="internal mw-magiclink-isbn">ISBN 978-8120803091</a>, pages 222-238; [3] John A Grimes (2006), A Concise Dictionary of Indian Philosophy, State University of New York Press, <a href="//commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780791430675" class="internal mw-magiclink-isbn">ISBN 978-0791430675</a>, pages 237-240<div class="mw-content-ltr"> <table cellspacing="0" style="color:#000;background:#DDD;border:1px solid #BBB;margin:.1em;width:;" class="createdwithtemplate layouttemplate"><tr> <td style="width:1.2em;height:1.2em;padding:.2em;"> <div class="center"><div class="floatnone"><a href="//commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Notepad_icon_wide.svg" title="File:Notepad icon wide.svg"><img alt="Notepad icon wide.svg" src="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c1/Notepad_icon_wide.svg/20px-Notepad_icon_wide.svg.png" width="20" height="20" srcset="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c1/Notepad_icon_wide.svg/30px-Notepad_icon_wide.svg.png 1.5x, https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c1/Notepad_icon_wide.svg/40px-Notepad_icon_wide.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="41" data-file-height="41"></a></div></div> </td> <td style="font-size:.85em;padding:.2em;vertical-align:middle;">This <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vector_graphics" class="extiw" title="w:Vector graphics">vector image</a> was created with a <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Text_editor" class="extiw" title="w:Text editor">text editor</a>. </td> </tr></table> </div> <div class="mw-content-ltr plainlinks"> <table cellspacing="0" style="color:#000;background:#EFE;border:1px solid #55B05A;margin:.1em;width:;"><tr><td style="height:29px;line-height:2.1em;padding:0;vertical-align:middle"> <a href="//validator.w3.org/" rel="nofollow"><img alt="W3C" src="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1a/Valid_SVG_1.1_%28green%29.svg/88px-Valid_SVG_1.1_%28green%29.svg.png" width="88" height="30" style="vertical-align: top" srcset="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1a/Valid_SVG_1.1_%28green%29.svg/132px-Valid_SVG_1.1_%28green%29.svg.png 1.5x, https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1a/Valid_SVG_1.1_%28green%29.svg/176px-Valid_SVG_1.1_%28green%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="91" data-file-height="31"></a><span style="visibility:hidden; color:transparent;">i</span>The source code of this <a href="//commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Help:SVG" title="Help:SVG">SVG</a> is <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//validator.w3.org/check?uri=https%3A%2F%2Fcommons.wikimedia.org%2Fwiki%2FSpecial%3AFilepath%2F3_Pramana_Epistemology_Samkhya_Yoga_Hindu_schools.svg&ss=1#source"><span style="background:">valid</span></a>. </td></tr></table> </div> (This file was tested on <a rel="nofollow" class="external free" href="https://validator.w3.org/check">https://validator.w3.org/check</a> on January 19 2016, with result: Passed, This document was successfully checked as SVG 1.1 + XHTML + MathML 3.0!) |
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