Moravians

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Moravians
Moravané
Moravian national costumes.jpg
Total population
(above 630,000 (2011))
Regions with significant populations
 Czech Republic 627,613 (2011)[1]
 Slovakia 3,286 (2011)[2]
Languages
Czech, Moravian[3][4][5]
Religion
Roman Catholicism, Atheism
Related ethnic groups
Czechs, Silesians, Slovaks and other Slavic peoples

Moravians (Czech: Moravané or colloquially Moraváci) are an ethnographic group of Czechs of the Moravia region of the Czech Republic, who speak the Moravian dialects of the Czech language.

Etymology

Moravia within the European Union
The Moravian principality in 833 (green)
Flag of Moravians. Used for example by the deputies of Czech speaking Moravians on Slavonic Congress in Prague in 1848.[6]
Banner of arms of Moravia, in use since the 13th century

A certain ambiguity in the Czech language derives from the fact that it only distinguishes between Čechy (Bohemia) and Česká republika (Czech republic), but the corresponding adjective český and noun designating an inhabitant and/or a member of a nation Čech can be related to either of the two (the adjective bohémský and the noun bohém have only the "socially unconventional person" meaning).[7]

History

Moravian tribe

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Main article: Moravians (tribe)
Moravians, painting by Václav Malý

The Moravians (Old Slavic self-designation Moravljane,[8] Slovak: Moravania, Czech: Moravané) were a west Slavic tribe in the Early Middle Ages. Although it is not known exactly when the Moravian tribe was founded, Czech historian Dušan Třeštík claimed the tribe was formed between the turn of the 6th century to the 7th century, around the same time as the other Slavic tribes.[9]

In the 9th century Moravians settled mainly around the historic Region of Moravia and Western Slovakia, but also in parts of Lower Austria (up to the Danube) and Upper Hungary. The first known mention of the Moravians was in the Annales Regni Francorum in 822 AD. The tribe was located by the Bavarian Geographer between the tribe of the Bohemians and the tribe of the Bulgarians.

In the 9th century Moravians gain control over neighbouring Nitra and founded the Realm of Great Moravia, ruled by the Mojmír dynasty until the 10th century. At times, the empire controlled even other neighboring regions, including Bohemia and parts of present-day Hungary, Poland and Ukraine. It emerged into one of the most powerful state in Central Europe.

After the breakup of the Moravian Realm the Moravian tribe was divided between the new states Duchy of Bohemia and Hungary. The western Moravians were assimilated by the Czechs and presently identify as Czechs. The modern nation of the Slovaks was formed out of the eastern part of the Moravian tribe within the Kingdom of Hungary.[10]

Moravians within the Czech lands

Traditional Moravian costumes during festival

Bretislaus I, Duke of Bohemia, solving the successor question (5 sons), in his will decided to completely reorganize Moravia, it should govern the younger sons of the royal family. It was still considered one of the country, but from an objective standpoint it was weakened and Morava could not lead to the formation of the medieval "nation" as quickly as in Bohemia. The way leading to the differentiation of the Moravians from the Czechs was caused by political and economic changes of the late 12th and early 13th century. Czech historical tradition was grown in Moravia during the Middle Ages, for example Czech Chronicles was reread and distributed.

Moravian ethnicity was declared for the first time[citation needed] in the population census of 1991. After the Velvet Revolution a strong political movement to reinstate the Moravian-Silesian land (země Moravskoslezská in Czech, having been one of the four lands of Czechoslovakia between 1928 and 1949) was active in Moravia. Accordingly, the so far officially united Czech ethnicity was split in line with the historical division of the Czech Republic into Bohemia, Moravia and Czech Silesia (the Czech lands). Part of the Czech speaking inhabitants of Moravia declared Moravian ethnicity and part of the Czech speaking inhabitants of Czech Silesia declared Silesian ethnicity.

1,363,000 citizens of the Czech Republic declared Moravian ethnicity in 1991. However, the number dropped to 380,474 in the 2001 census – many persons previously declaring themselves as Moravians declared themselves again as Czechs in this census. In 2011, the number increased again to 522,474. The strongest sense of patriotism towards Moravia is forming around Brno, the former capital of Moravia.

Only in the first years after the Velvet Revolution in 1989 did a few Moravian political parties seem to be able to gain some success in elections. However they lost much of their strength around the time of the Dissolution of Czechoslovakia in 1993 when Czechoslovakia peacefully split into the Czech Republic and Slovak Republic.

According to the 2011 Census, the percentage of people without religion was lowest in the Moravian Zlín Region, followed by the partly Bohemian, partly Moravian Vysočina Region, the South Moravian Region, the Moravian-Silesian Region, and the predominantly Moravian Olomouc Region.[11]

See also

References

Inline citations
  1. ↑ Census 2011 - final results
  2. ↑ http://portal.statistics.sk/files/tab.11.pdf
  3. ↑ Šrámek, R.: Zur heutigen Situation des Tschechischen. In: Ohnheiser, I. / Kienpointner, M. / Kalb, H.: Sprachen in Europa. Sprachsituation und Sprachpolitik in europäischen Ländern. Innsbruck 1999.
  4. ↑ Rudolf Chmel–Iván Bába: A szlovákkérdés a XX. században (kalligram.eu)
  5. ↑ István Käfer: Nemzet és egyház a szlovák-magyar összefüggésrendszerben
  6. ↑ Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
  7. ↑ Dictionary of the Standard Czech Language (Czech)
  8. ↑ Graus 1980, p. 47.
  9. ↑ Třeštík 2008, p. 270.
  10. ↑ Havlík 2013, p. 382.
  11. ↑ Czech Statistical Office: Percentage of population without religious faith as of 26/3/2011, results by permanent residence (Czech)
Sources
  • Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found. (German)
  • Lubomír E. Havlík: Svatopluk Veliký, král Moravanů a Slovanů [Svatopluk the Great. King of the Moravians and Slavs]. Jota, Brno 1994, ISBN 80-85617-19-6. (Czech)
  • Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found. (Czech)
  • Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found. (Czech)
  • Dušan Třeštík: Vznik Velké Moravy. Moravané, Čechové a střední Evropa v letech 791–871 [The Founding of Great Moravia. Moravians, Czechs and Middle Europe in the years 791–871]. Nakladatelství Lidové noviny, o.O. 2010, ISBN 978-80-7422-049-4 (Czech)
  • Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found. Moravians at Google Books
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