Spanish Filipino

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This article is about the ethnic identity called Spanish Filipino. For other uses of the term visit the disambiguation page Hispano-Filipino

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Not to be confused with Filipino people of Spanish ancestry.
Spanish diaspora
Flag of the race.svg
Flag of the Hispanic people
Total population
Est. 30-35% of the population*
Regions with significant populations
Metro Manila, Zamboanga City, Cebu City, Vigan, Iloilo City, Bauang
Languages
Philippine Spanish, Spanish, Filipino, Chavacano, English
Religion
Roman Catholic, Evangelical, Pentecostal, Judaism, Agnostic
Related ethnic groups
Spaniards, Hispanic people, Filipinos
(*) "1/3rd of the inhabitants of the island of Luzon were mixed with varying degrees of Spanish ancestry" (est. 1818) [1]

A Spanish Filipino (Spanish, Chavacano: Español Filipino, Hispano Filipino; Tagalog, Filipino: Kastila, Tisoy, Conio; Cebuano, Hiligaynon: Cachila) is a Filipino who has Spanish or Hispanic lineage, mostly born and raised in the Philippines.

Background

Fort Santiago

"The Philippines is a Latin American country that was transported to the Orient by a gigantic marine wave" - Arnold J. Toynbee.

A Spanish Filipino is any citizen or resident of the Philippines who is of Spanish or Hispanic origin. They are represented in all levels of Philippine society and are integrated politically and economically, in the private and government sector.

Spanish Filipinos are present within several commerce and business sectors in the Philippines and a few sources estimate companies which comprise a significant portion of the Philippine economy are owned by Spanish Filipinos like International Container Terminal Services Inc., Manila Water, Integrated Micro-Electronics, Inc., Ayala Land, Ynchausti y Compañia, Ayala Corporation, Aboitiz & Company, Union Bank of the Philippines, ANSCOR, Bank of the Philippine Islands, Globe Telecom, Solaire Resort & Casino, Phelps Dodge, to name but a few.[2][3][4][5][6]

Demographics

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Main article: Hispanic

The term Hispanic (Spanish: hispano, hispánico, Galician: hispánico, Asturian: hispanu, Basque: hispaniar, Catalan: hispà,[7][8] hispàno[9]) broadly refers to the people, nations, and cultures that have a historical link to Spain. It commonly applies to countries once part of the Spanish Empire, particularly the countries of Latin America, the Philippines, Equatorial Guinea, and Spanish Sahara. The Spanish culture and Spanish language are the main traditions.[10][11]

Between 1565 and 1898, Hispanics from Latin America and Spain sailed to and from the Philippine Islands. This contributed to the assimilation of the Hispanics into everyday society and according to an 1818 study by the renowned German ethnologist Fëdor Jagor, "The Former Philippines thru Foreign Eyes", about "1/3rd of the inhabitants of the island of Luzon were mixed with varying degrees of Spanish ancestry and that the vast majority of military personnel have Latin-American origins."[1]

Using data based on Fëdor Jagor's study, it is estimated that Filipinos with at least some Spanish or Hispanic ancestry comprise roughly 30-35% of the current Philippine population.

Hispanic countries

Flag Arms Name Area
(km²)		 Population
 Population density
(per km²)		 Capital Name in Spanish
Argentina Coat of arms of Argentina.svg Argentina 2,780,400 43,024,374 14.4 Buenos Aires Argentina
Bolivia Coat of arms of Bolivia.svg Bolivia 1,098,581 10,631,486 9 Sucre Bolivia
Chile Coat of arms of Chile.svg Chile 756,102 17,363,894 23 Santiago Chile
Colombia Coat of arms of Colombia.svg Colombia 1,138,910 46,245,297 41.5 Bogotá Colombia
Costa Rica Coat of arms of Costa Rica.svg Costa Rica 51,100 4,755,234 91.3 San José Costa Rica
Cuba Coat of arms of Cuba.svg Cuba 110,860 11,047,251 100.6 Havana Cuba
Dominican Republic Coat of arms of the Dominican Republic.svg Dominican Republic 48,670 10,349,741 210.9 Santo Domingo República Dominicana
Ecuador Coat of arms of Ecuador.svg Ecuador 283,561 15,654,411 54.4 Quito Ecuador
Equatorial Guinea Coat of arms of Equatorial Guinea.svg Equatorial Guinea 28,051 722,254 24.1 Malabo Guinea Ecuatorial
El Salvador Coats of arms of El Salvador.svg El Salvador 21,041 6,125,512 290.3 San Salvador El Salvador
Guatemala Coat of arms of Guatemala.svg Guatemala 108,889 14,647,083 129 Guatemala City Guatemala
Honduras Coat of arms of Honduras.svg Honduras 112,090 8,598,561 76 Tegucigalpa Honduras
Mexico Coat of arms of Mexico.svg Mexico 1,964,375 120,286,655 57 Mexico City México
Nicaragua Coat of arms of Nicaragua.svg Nicaragua 130,370 5,848,641 44.3 Managua Nicaragua
Panama Coat of arms of Panama.svg Panama 75,420 3,608,431 54.2 Panama City Panamá
Paraguay Coat of arms of Paraguay.svg Paraguay 406,752 6,703,860 14.2 Asunción Paraguay
Peru Escudo nacional del Perú.svg Peru 1,285,216 30,147,935 23 Lima Perú
Philippines Coat of arms of the Philippines.svg Philippines 300,000 102,172,400 340.57 Manila Filipinas
Puerto Rico Coat of arms of the Commonwealth of Puerto Rico.svg Puerto Ricoa 13,790 3,620,897 397 San Juan Puerto Rico
Spain Escudo de España (mazonado).svg Spain 505,370 47,737,941 92 Madrid España
Uruguay Coat of arms of Uruguay.svg Uruguay 176,215 3,332,972 18.87 Montevideo Uruguay
Venezuela Coat of arms of Venezuela.svg Venezuela 912,050 28,868,486 31.59 Caracas Venezuela
Total 541,493,316
(7.5% of the global population)

a Puerto Rico is an unincorporated territory of the U.S. where Spanish and English are the official languages[12] and Spanish is the primary language.

In November 2008 a district court judge ruled that a sequence of Congressional actions have had the cumulative effect of changing Puerto Rico's status to incorporated.[13] However, by April 2011 the issue had not yet made its way through the courts,[14] and in January 2013 the U.S. government still referred to Puerto Rico as unincorporated.[15]

Largest Hispanic cities

The following is a list of the ten largest metropolitan areas in the Hispanic world.[16]

City Country Metropolitan population
(2012)		 Gross Domestic Product
(USD, 2012)		 GDP per capita
(USD, 2012)		 Global economic ranking by GDP
(2012)
1. Mexico City Mexico Mexico 20,631,353 $411.4 billion $19,940 15th
2. Buenos Aires Argentina Argentina 13,333,912 $348.4 billion $26,129 20th
3. Manila Philippines Philippines 12,856,400 $182.8 billion $14,222 N/A
4. Lima Peru Peru 10,231,678 $177.4 billion $17,340 62nd
5. Bogotá Colombia Colombia 8,868,395 $140.9 billion $15,891 86th
6. Santiago Chile Chile 7,023,767 $150.3 billion $21,393 79th
7. Madrid Spain Spain 6,598,395 $264.0 billion $40,007 37th
8. Caracas Venezuela Venezuela 5,297,026 $69 billion $24,000[17] N/A
9. Barcelona Spain Spain 4,712,749 $171.0 billion $36,280 65th
10. Guadalajara Mexico Mexico 4,593,444 $77.4 billion $16,855 142nd

History

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Main article: History of the Philippines (1521–1898)

Spanish Philippines is the history of the Philippines from 1521 to 1898. It begins with the arrival in 1521 of European explorer Ferdinand Magellan sailing for Spain, which heralded the period when the Philippines was an overseas province of Spain, and ends with the outbreak of the Spanish–American War in 1898.

Spanish East Indies

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Main article: Spanish East Indies
Cabildo Street, Intramuros, Manila, 1890s

The Spanish East Indies (Indias orientales españolas) were the Spanish territories in Asia-Pacific from 1565 until 1899. They comprised the Philippine Islands, Guam and the Mariana Islands, the Caroline Islands (Palau and the Federated States of Micronesia), and for some time parts of Formosa (Taiwan) and the Moluccas (Indonesia). Cebu was the first seat of government, later transferred to Manila. From 1565 to 1821 these territories, together with the Spanish West Indies, were administered through the Viceroyalty of New Spain based in Mexico City.

Captaincy General of the Philippines

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Main article: Captaincy General of the Philippines

The Captaincy General of the Philippines (Spanish: Capitañía General de las Filipinas; Filipino: Kapitanyang Heneral ng Pilipinas) was an administrative district of the Spanish Empire. The Captaincy General encompassed the Spanish East Indies which included the modern country of the Philippines and various Pacific Island possessions, such as the Caroline Islands and Guam. It was founded in 1565 with the first permanent Spanish settlements.

For centuries all the political and economic aspects of the Captaincy were administered in Mexico by the Viceroyalty of New Spain, while the administrative issues had to be consulted with the Spanish Crown or the Council of the Indies through the Royal Audience of Manila. However, in 1821, after Mexico became an independent nation, all control was transferred to Madrid.

Language

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Main article: Spanish language in the Philippines

In Asia, the Philippines, a former Spanish overseas province, is the lone sovereign nation representative of the Spanish language. Spanish was lingua franca of the country from the beginning of Spanish rule in the late 1500s until the first half of the 20th century. It held official status for nearly half a millennium before being demoted as an optional language in 1987. However, Spanish still remained a very important language in the Philippines despite all the inauspicious circumstances that resulted to its gradual decline over the years.[18] Today, Spanish is being somewhat revived by groups rallying to make it a compulsory subject in schools, and eventually be redesignated as an official language on national level.[19]

Philippine Spanish

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Main article: Philippine Spanish

Philippine Spanish (Spanish: Español filipino, Castellano filipino) is a Spanish dialect and a variant of Spanish spoken in the Philippines. Philippine Spanish is very similar to Mexican Spanish, because of Mexican and Latin American emigration to the Spanish East Indies (Philippines) over the years. It is spoken mostly among Spanish Filipinos.

Chavacano

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Main article: Chavacano

Chavacano or Chabacano [tʃaβaˈkano] is a Spanish-based creole language spoken in the Philippines. The word Chabacano is derived from Spanish, meaning "poor taste", "vulgar", for the Chavacano language, developed in Cavite City, Ternate, Zamboanga and Ermita. It is also derived from the word chavano, coined by the Zamboangueño people.

Six different dialects have developed: Zamboangueño in Zamboanga City, Davaoeño Zamboangueño / Castellano Abakay in Davao City, Ternateño in Ternate, Cavite, Caviteño in Cavite City, Cotabateño in Cotabato City and Ermiteño in Ermita.

Chavacano is the only Spanish-based creole in Asia. It has survived for more than 400 years, making it one of the oldest creole languages in the world. Among Philippine languages, it is the only one not an Austronesian language, but like Malayo-Polynesian languages, it uses reduplication.

Literature

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Main article: Philippine literature in Spanish

Philippine literature in Spanish (Spanish: Literatura Filipina en Castellano) is a body of literature made by Filipino writers in the Spanish language. Today, this corpus is the third largest in the whole corpus of Philippine literature (Philippine Literature in Filipino being the first, followed by Philippine literature in English). It is slightly larger than the Philippine literature in the vernacular languages. However, because of the very few additions to it in the past 30 years, it is expected that the former will soon overtake its rank.

List of some famous Spanish Philippine literature:

Doctrina Christiana

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Main article: Doctrina Christiana

The Doctrina Christiana was an early book of Roman Catholic Catechism, written in 1593 by Fray Juan de Plasencia, and is believed to be one of the earliest books printed in the Philippines.[20]

Noli Me Tángere

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Main article: Noli me tangere

Noli Me Tángere (Latin for Touch Me Not) is a fictional novel written by José Rizal, one of the national heroes of the Philippines, during the colonization of the country by Spain to expose the inequities of the Spanish Catholic priests and the ruling government.

Originally written in Spanish, the book is more commonly published and read in the Philippines in either Filipino or English. Together with its sequel, El Filibusterismo, the reading of Noli is obligatory for high school students throughout the country.

El Filibusterismo

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Main article: El Filibusterismo

El Filibusterismo (lit. Spanish for "The Filibustering"[21]), also known by its English alternative title The Reign of Greed,[22] is the second novel written by Philippine national hero José Rizal. It is the sequel to Noli me tangere and, like the first book, was written in Spanish. It was first published in 1891 in Ghent.

The novel's dark theme departs dramatically from the previous novel's hopeful and romantic atmosphere, signifying the character Ibarra's resort to solving his country's issues through violent means, after his previous attempt at reforming the country's system have made no effect and seemed impossible with the attitudes of the Spaniards towards the Filipinos. The novel, along with its predecessor, was banned in some parts of the Philippines as a result of their portrayals of the Spanish government's abuse and corruption. These novels along with Rizal's involvement in organizations that aim to address and reform the Spanish system and its issues led to Rizal's exile to Dapitan and eventual execution. Both the novel and its predecessor, along with Rizal's last poem, are now considered Rizal's literary masterpieces.

People

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See also: Spanish naming customs
Ruffa Gutierrez.jpg
Gary Valenciano.jpg
Kristine Hermosa at the Star Magic Concert Tour in Ontario, June 2009.jpg

List of some famous Spanish Filipinos:

Historical

Military

Prominent People

Arts and Literature

Politics

Music

Sports

Business

Beauty Pageant

Media

Entertainment

Actor

Actress

See also

References

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  12. ↑ Constitution of Puerto Rico, Art. 3, Section 5: It is mandatory to be able to read and write in either English or Spanish in order to be a member of the Legislative Assembly.
  13. ↑ Consejo de Salud Playa Ponce v. Johnny Rullan, p.28: "The Congressional incorporation of Puerto Rico throughout the past century has extended the entire Constitution to the island ...."
  14. ↑ Hon. Gustavo A. Gelpi, "The Insular Cases: A Comparative Historical Study of Puerto Rico, Hawai'i, and the Philippines", The Federal Lawyer, March/April 2011. http://www.aspira.org/files/legal_opinion_on_pr_insular_cases.pdf p. 25: "In light of the [Supreme Court] ruling in Boumediene, in the future the Supreme Court will be called upon to reexamine the Insular Cases doctrine as applied to Puerto Rico and other US territories."
  15. ↑ accessed 26 January 2013: "Puerto Rico is a self-governing, unincorporated territory of the United States located in the Caribbean".
  16. ↑ http://www.brookings.edu/research/interactives/global-metro-monitor-3
  17. ↑ http://www.mckinsey.com/insights/economic_studies/global_cities_of_the_future_an_interactive_map
  18. ↑ The National Archives (archived from the original on 2007-09-27), Houses the Spanish Collection, which consists of around 13 million manuscripts from the Spanish colonial period.
  19. ↑ Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
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  21. ↑ The Subersive or Subversion, as in the Locsín English translation, are also possible translations.
  22. ↑ Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
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