Long-tailed duck

Long-tailed duck
Male
Conservation status
Vulnerable (IUCN 3.1)
Scientific classification
Kingdom:	Animalia
Phylum:	Chordata
Class:	Aves
Order:	Anseriformes
Family:	Anatidae
Subfamily:	Merginae
Genus:	Clangula Leach, 1819
Species:	C. hyemalis
Binomial name
Clangula hyemalis (Linnaeus, 1758)
Synonyms
Genus: Harelda Species: Harelda hyemalis

The long-tailed duck (Clangula hyemalis), once known as oldsquaw, is a medium-sized sea duck. It is the only living member of its genus, Clangula; this was formerly used for the goldeneyes, with the long-tailed duck being placed in Harelda. An undescribed congener is known from the Middle Miocene Sajóvölgyi Formation (Late Badenian, 13–12 Mya) of Mátraszőlős, Hungary.

Description

File:Clangula-hyemalis-011.jpg

Female

File:Clangula hyemalis MWNH 1029.JPG

Egg, Collection Museum Wiesbaden

File:Clangula hyemalis -Iceland -mother and ducklings-8.jpg

Mother and six ducklings in Iceland

Adults have white underparts, though the rest of the plumage goes through a complex moulting process. The male has a long pointed tail (10 to 15 cm (3.9 to 5.9 in) long) and a dark grey bill crossed by a pink band. In winter, the male has a dark cheek patch on a mainly white head and neck, a dark breast and mostly white body. In summer, the male is dark on the head, neck and back with a white cheek patch. The female has a brown back and a relatively short pointed tail. In winter, the female's head and neck are white with a dark crown. In summer, the head is dark. Juveniles resemble adult females in autumn plumage, though with a lighter, less distinct cheek patch.

Standard Measurements
length	440–600 mm (17.5–23.5 in)
weight	740 g (1.63 lb)
wingspan	710 mm (28 in)
wing	209–228 mm (8.2–9.0 in)
tail	165–237 mm (6.5–9.3 in)
culmen	26–30 mm (1.0–1.2 in)
tarsus	34–38 mm (1.3–1.5 in)

The males are vocal and have a musical yodelling call ow, ow, owal-ow.

Ecology

Their breeding habitat is in tundra pools and marshes, but also along sea coasts and in large mountain lakes in the North Atlantic region, Alaska, northern Canada, northern Europe, and Russia. The nest is located on the ground near water; it is built using vegetation and lined with down. They are migratory and winter along the eastern and western coasts of North America, on the Great Lakes, coastal northern Europe and Asia, with stragglers to the Black Sea. The most important wintering area is the Baltic Sea, where a total of about 4.5 million gather.

The long-tailed duck is gregarious, forming large flocks in winter and during migration. They feed by diving for mollusks, crustaceans and some small fish. Although they usually feed close to the surface, they are capable of diving to depths of 60 m (200 ft).

Common Name

In North American English it is sometimes called oldsquaw, though this name has fallen out of favour under influence of negative connotations of the word squaw in English usage. Some biologists have also feared that this name would be offensive to some Native American tribes involved in the conservation effort. The American Ornithologists' Union stated that "political correctness" was not sufficient to change the name, but "to conform with English usage in other parts of the world", it officially adopted the name "Long-tailed Duck".

Status

The long-tailed duck is one of the species to which the Agreement on the Conservation of African-Eurasian Migratory Waterbirds (AEWA) applies.

File:Long-tailed Duck (Clangula hyemalis).jpg

In flight

External links

• Long-tailed duck videos, photos, and sounds at the Internet Bird Collection
• Long-tailed duck photo gallery at VIREO (Drexel University)
• Feathers of Long-tailed Duck (Clangula hyemalis)
• Interactive range map of Clangula hyemalis at IUCN Red List maps

• Though squaw originated as a word simply meaning "young woman" in the Massachusett and related Algonquian languages, it is now considered offensive by many Native Americans and is so labelled in modern dictionaries.