Ottoman–Persian Wars

For all conflicts between Turkic states and Persian states, see Turco-Persian Wars.

Below is the list of wars between the Ottoman Empire and the Safavid, Afsharid, Zand and Qajar dynasties of Persia through the 16th–19th centuries. The Ottomans consolidated their control of what is today Turkey in the 15th century, and gradually came into conflict with the emerging neighboring Persian state, led by Ismail I of the Safavid dynasty. The two states were arch rivals, and were also divided by religious grounds, the Ottomans being staunchly Sunni and the Safavids being Shia. A series of military conflicts ensued for centuries during which the two empires competed militarily for control over eastern Anatolia, the Caucasus, and Mesopotamia (Iraq).

Name of the war	Ottoman sultan	Persian shah	Treaty at the end of the war	Victor
Battle of Chaldiran (1514)	Selim I	Ismail I	None	The Ottoman Empire
War of 1532–1555	Suleiman I	Tahmasp I	Treaty of Amasya (1555)	The Ottoman Empire
War of 1578–1590	Murad III	Mohammad Khodabanda, Abbas I	Treaty of Constantinople (1590)	The Ottoman Empire
War of 1603–1618, first stage Capture of Tbilisi and Gökçe war	Ahmed I	Abbas I	Treaty of Nasuh Pasha (1612)	The Persian Empire
War of 1603–1618, second stage	Ahmed I, Mustafa I, Osman II	Abbas I	Treaty of Serav (1618)	The Persian Empire
War of 1623–1639	Murad IV	Abbas I, Safi	Treaty of Zuhab (1639)	The Ottoman Empire
War of 1730–1735, first stage	Ahmed III, Mahmud I	Tahmasp II	Treaty of Ahmet Pasha (1732)	The Ottoman Empire
War of 1730–1736, second stage	Mahmud I	Abbas III, Nader Shah	Treaty of Constantinople (1736)	The Persian Empire
War of 1743–1746	Mahmud I	Nader Shah	Treaty of Kerden (1746)	Indecisive
War of 1775–1776	Abdulhamid I	Karim Khan Zand	None	Basra captured by Persia, retaken by Ottomans three years later.
War of 1821–1823	Mahmud II	Fat′h-Ali Shah Qajar	Treaty of Erzurum (1823)	Stalemate

Among the numerous treaties, the Treaty of Zuhab of 1639 is usually considered as the most important one, as it fixed present Turkey–Iran and Iraq–Iran borders. In later treaties, there were frequent references to Treaty of Zuhab.

See also

• The Ottomans: Europe's Muslim Emperors
• Ottoman–Safavid relations
• Russo-Persian Wars
• Russo-Turkish Wars

Sources

• Prof.Yaşar Yücel-Prof Ali Sevim:Türkiye tarihi II, AKDTYKTTK Yayınları, 1991, pp 339-340
• Prof.Yaşar Yücel-Prof Ali Sevim:Türkiye tarihi II, AKDTYKTTK Yayınları, 1991, pp 277-281
• Gábor Ágoston-Bruce Masters:Encyclopaedia of the Ottoman Empire , ISBN 978-0-8160-6259-1, p.280
• Prof.Yaşar Yücel-Prof Ali Sevim:Türkiye tarihi III, AKDTYKTTK Yayınları, 1991, pp 21-25
• Prof.Yaşar Yücel-Prof Ali Sevim:Türkiye tarihi III, AKDTYKTTK Yayınları, 1991, pp 43-45
• Prof.Yaşar Yücel-Prof Ali Sevim:Türkiye tarihi III, AKDTYKTTK Yayınları, 1991, pp 78-82
• Prof.Yaşar Yücel-Prof Ali Sevim:Türkiye tarihi IV, AKDTYKTTK Yayınları, 1991, pp 1-8
• Prof.Yaşar Yücel-Prof Ali Sevim:Türkiye tarihi IV, AKDTYKTTK Yayınları, 1991, pp 22-25
• Selcuk Aksin Somel (2010), The A to Z of the Ottoman Empire, quote: "This indecisive military conflict resulted in the preservation of the existing borders.", The Scarecrow Press Inc., p. 170
• http://www.iranicaonline.org/articles/karim-khan-zand
• Prof.Yaşar Yücel-Prof Ali Sevim:Türkiye tarihi IV, AKDTYKTTK Yayınları, 1991, pp 193-195