Tupi–Guarani languages

Tupí–Guaraní (<phonos file="Br-TupiGuarani.ogg">pronunciation</phonos>) is the name of the most widely distributed subfamily of the Tupian languages of South America. It includes fifty languages, including the best-known languages of the family, Guaraní and Old Tupí.

The words jaguar, tapioca, jacaranda, anhinga, carioca, and capoeira are of Tupí–Guaraní origin.

Languages

Rodrigues & Cabral (2012) propose eight branches of Tupí–Guaraní:

• Guaraní (Group I)
• Guarayu (Group II): Guarayu, Pauserna,** Sirionó (dialects Yuqui, Jorá**)
• Tupí (Group III): Old Tupi (lingua franca dialect Tupí Austral), Tupinambá (dialects Nheengatu, AKA Língua Geral as lingua franca, and Potiguára), Cocama–Omagua*, Tupinikin**
• Tenetehara (Group IV): Akwáwa (dialects Asuriní, Suruí do Pará, Parakanã), Avá-Canoeiro, Tapirapé, Tenetehára (dialects Guajajara, Tembé), Turiwára
• Kawahib (Group VI): Apiacá, Kawahíb (numerous varieties; incl. Piripkúra, Diagói?), Kayabí, Karipúna, ?Uru-Pa-In
• Kamayurá (Group VII)
• Xingu (Group VIIIa): Anambé (of Cairarí), Amanayé, Xingú Asuriní, Araweté, Aurá, Ararandewara
• Northern (Group VIIIb): Anambé of Ehrenreich, Emerillon, Guajá, Wayampi, Zo'é, Takunyapé, Urubú–Kaapor, Wayampipukú

*Cabral argues that Kokama/Omagua is a mixed language, and so not directly classifiable, though most of its basic vocabulary is Tupi–Guarani.

**Not listed in Rodrigues & Cabral

Karipuna language (Amapá) may be spurious.

See also

• Tupí people (Tupinambá)
• Guaraní people
• Urubú–Kaapor Sign Language

External links

• Swadesh lists of Tupi–Guarani basic vocabulary words (from Wiktionary's Swadesh-list appendix)