Hindi languages

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Hindi
(Central Zone)
Madhya
Geographic
distribution:
South Asia
Linguistic classification: Indo-European
Subdivisions:
  • Western Hindi
  • Eastern Hindi
Glottolog: None
west2812  (Western Hindi)[1]
east2726  (Eastern Hindi)[2]
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The Hindi languages, also known as the Madhya languages and the Central Zone of the Indo-Aryan languages, is a dialect continuum in the Hindi zone spoken across northern India that descend from the Madhya Prakrits, and includes the official languages of India and Pakistan, Standard Hindi and Urdu. The coherence of this group depends on the classification being used; here only Eastern and Western Hindi will be considered.

Languages

If there can be considered a consensus within the dialectology of Hindi proper, it is that it can be split into two sets of dialects: Western and Eastern Hindi.[3] Western Hindi evolved from the Apabhramsa form of Shauraseni Prakrit, Eastern Hindi from Ardhamagadhi.[4]

Western Hindi languages. Clockwise from the top: Hindustani, Kannauji, Bundeli, Braj, Haryanvi.
The Eastern Hindi languages are not shown individually. They are Awadhi in the north, east of Hindustani and Kannauji; Bagheli in the center, to the east of Bundeli, and Chhattisgarhi to the southeast of Bundeli.
  1. Western Hindi[5]
  2. Eastern Hindi
    • Awadhi, spoken in north and north-central Uttar Pradesh.
    • Bagheli, spoken in north-central Madhya Pradesh and south-eastern Uttar Pradesh.
    • Chhattisgarhi, spoken in southeast Madhya Pradesh and northern and central Chhattisgarh.

Romani, Domari, Lomavren, and Seb Seliyer (or at least their ancestors) appear to be Central Zone languages that migrated to the Middle East and Europe ca. 500–1000 CE in three distinct waves. Parya is a Central Zone language of Central Asia.

To Western Hindi Ethnologue adds Sansi, Powari, Chamari (a spurious language), Bhaya, Gowli (not a separate language), and Ghera.

This analysis excludes varieties sometimes claimed for Hindi for cultural reasons, such as Bihari, Rajasthani, and Pahari.[6]

Use in culturally non-Hindi regions in the subcontinent

Comparison

The standard educated Delhi Hindustani pronunciations [ɛː, ɔː] commonly have diphthongal realizations, ranging from [əɪ] to [ɑɪ] and from [əu] to [ɑu], respectively, in Eastern Hindi varieties and many non-standard Western varieties.[7] There are also vowel clusters /əiː/ and /əuː/.

References

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  3. (Shapiro 2003, p. 251)
  4. (Shapiro 2003, p. 277)
  5. Grierson G.A. Western Hindi. In Linguistic Survey of India.
  6. (Shapiro 2003, pp. 251–252)
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Bibliography

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External links