1905 Spanish general election

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1905 Spanish general election
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← 1903 10 September 1905 (Congress)
24 September 1905 (Senate)		 1907 →
All 404 seats in the Congress of Deputies and 180 (of 360) seats in the Senate
203 seats needed for a majority in the Congress of Deputies
  First party Second party Third party
  170x170px 170x170px 170x170px
Leader Eugenio Montero Ríos Antonio Maura Nicolás Salmerón
Party Liberal Party (Spain, 1880) PLC Republican
Leader since 1902 1905 1903
Leader's seat Senator (for life) Palma Barcelona
Last election 104 (C) · 54 (S)[lower-alpha 1] 234 (C) · 107 (S)[lower-alpha 2] 28 (C) · 1 (S)
Seats won 226 (C) · 108 (S) 105 (C) · 48 (S) 25 (C) · 1 (S)
Seat change Green Arrow Up Darker.svg122 (C) · Green Arrow Up Darker.svg54 (S) Red Arrow Down.svg129 (C) · Red Arrow Down.svg59 (S) Red Arrow Down.svg3 (C) · Arrow Blue Right 001.svg0 (S)
  Fourth party Fifth party Sixth party
  170x170px 170x170px 170x170px
Leader None[lower-alpha 3] Enric Prat de la Riba Francisco Romero Robledo
Party Villaverdists Regionalist Liberal Reformist Party (Spain)
Leader since — 1902 1898
Leader's seat — — Antequera
Last election Did not contest 4 (C) · 2 (S) 7 (C) · 1 (S)
Seats won 16 (C) · 4 (S) 7 (C) · 2 (S) 7 (C) · 1 (S)
Seat change Green Arrow Up Darker.svg16 (C) · Green Arrow Up Darker.svg4 (S) Green Arrow Up Darker.svg3 (C) · Arrow Blue Right 001.svg0 (S) Arrow Blue Right 001.svg0 (C) · Arrow Blue Right 001.svg0 (S)
Prime Minister before election

Eugenio Montero Ríos
Liberal Party (Spain, 1880)

 Prime Minister after election

Eugenio Montero Ríos
Liberal Party (Spain, 1880)

The 1905 Spanish general election was held on Sunday, 10 September (for the Congress of Deputies) and on Sunday, 24 September 1905 (for the Senate), to elect the 12th Cortes of the Kingdom of Spain in the Restoration period. All 404 seats in the Congress of Deputies were up for election, as well as 180 of 360 seats in the Senate.

Overview

Electoral system

The Spanish Cortes were envisaged as "co-legislative bodies", based on a nearly perfect bicameral system. Both the Congress of Deputies and the Senate had legislative, control and budgetary functions, sharing equal powers except for laws on contributions or public credit, where the Congress had preeminence.[1][2] Voting for the Cortes was on the basis of universal manhood suffrage, which comprised all national males over 25 years of age, having at least a two-year residency in a municipality and in full enjoyment of their civil rights.[3][4]

For the Congress of Deputies, 98 seats were elected using a partial block voting system in 28 multi-member constituencies, with the remaining 306 being elected under a one-round first-past-the-post system in single-member districts. Candidates winning a plurality in each constituency were elected. In constituencies electing eight seats or more, electors could vote for no more than three candidates less than the number of seats to be allocated; in those with more than four seats and up to eight, for no more than two less; in those with more than one seat and up to four, for no more than one less; and for one candidate in single-member districts. The Congress was entitled to one member per each 50,000 inhabitants, with each multi-member constituency being allocated a fixed number of seats. Additionally, literary universities, economic societies of Friends of the Country and officially organized chambers of commerce, industry and agriculture were entitled to one seat per each 5,000 registered voters that they comprised. The law also provided for by-elections to fill seats vacated throughout the legislature.[1][5][6][7]

As a result of the aforementioned allocation, each Congress multi-member constituency was entitled the following seats:[6][8][9][10][11]

Seats Constituencies
8 Madrid
7 Barcelona
5 Palma de Mallorca, Seville
4 Cartagena
3 Alicante, Almería, Badajoz, Burgos, Cádiz, Córdoba, Granada, Huelva, Jaén, Jerez de la Frontera, La Coruña, Las Palmas(+2), Lugo, Málaga, Murcia, Oviedo, Pamplona, Santa Cruz de Tenerife, Santander, Tarragona, Valencia, Valladolid, Zaragoza

For the Senate, 180 seats were indirectly elected by the local councils and major taxpayers, with electors voting for delegates instead of senators. Elected delegates—equivalent in number to one-sixth of the councillors in each local council—would then vote for senators using a write-in, two-round majority voting system. The provinces of Barcelona, Madrid and Valencia were allocated four seats each, whereas each of the remaining provinces was allocated three seats, for a total of 150. The remaining 30 were allocated to special districts comprising a number of institutions, electing one seat each—the archdioceses of Burgos, Granada, Santiago de Compostela, Seville, Tarragona, Toledo, Valencia, Valladolid and Zaragoza; the Royal Spanish Academy; the royal academies of History, Fine Arts of San Fernando, Exact and Natural Sciences, Moral and Political Sciences and Medicine; the universities of Madrid, Barcelona, Granada, Oviedo, Salamanca, Santiago, Seville, Valencia, Valladolid and Zaragoza; and the economic societies of Friends of the Country from Madrid, Barcelona, León, Seville and Valencia. An additional 180 seats comprised senators in their own right—the Monarch's offspring and the heir apparent once coming of age; Grandees of Spain of the first class; Captain Generals of the Army and the Navy Admiral; the Patriarch of the Indies and archbishops; and the presidents of the Council of State, the Supreme Court, the Court of Auditors, the Supreme War Council and the Supreme Council of the Navy, after two years of service—as well as senators for life (who were appointed by the Monarch).[1][12][13]

Election date

The term of each chamber of the Cortes—the Congress and one-half of the elective part of the Senate—expired five years from the date of their previous election, unless they were dissolved earlier. The previous Congress and Senate elections were held on 26 April and 10 May 1903, which meant that the legislature's terms would have expired on 26 April and 10 May 1908, respectively. The monarch had the prerogative to dissolve both chambers at any given time—either jointly or separately—and call a snap election.[1][6][12]

The Cortes were officially dissolved on 17 August 1905, with the dissolution decree setting the election dates for 10 September (for the Congress) and 24 September 1905 (for the Senate) and scheduling for both chambers to convene on 11 October.[14]

Background

The Spanish Constitution of 1876 enshrined Spain as a constitutional monarchy, awarding the monarch power to name senators and to revoke laws, as well as the title of commander-in-chief of the army. The monarch would also play a key role in the system of el turno pacífico (English: the Peaceful Turn) by appointing and dismissing governments and allowing the opposition to take power. Under this system, the major political parties of the time, the conservatives and the liberals—characterized as elite parties with loose structures and dominated by internal factions led by powerful individuals—alternated in power by means of election rigging, which they achieved through the encasillado, using the links between the Ministry of Governance, the provincial civil governors and the local bosses (caciques) to ensure victory and exclude minor parties from the power sharing.[15][16]

Results

Congress of Deputies

← Summary of the 10 September 1905 Congress of Deputies election results →
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Parties and alliances Popular vote Seats
Votes  %
Liberal Party–Monarchist Democratic Party (PL–PDM) 226
Liberal Conservative Party (PLC) 105
Republican Union Party (PUR) 25
Villaverdist Conservatives (V) 16
Liberal Reformist Party (PLR) 7
Regionalist League (LR) 7
Federal Republican Party (PRF) 5
Traditionalist Communion (Carlist) (CT) 4
Integrist Party (PI) 3
Independents (INDEP) 6
Total 404
Votes cast / turnout
Abstentions
Registered voters
Sources[17][18][19][20][21][22][23][24][25]
Seats
PL–PDM
  
 55.94%
PLC
  
 25.99%
PUR
  
 6.19%
V
  
 3.96%
PLR
  
 1.73%
LR
  
 1.73%
PRF
  
 1.24%
CT
  
 0.99%
PI
  
 0.74%
INDEP
  
 1.49%

Senate

← Summary of the 24 September 1905 Senate of Spain election results →
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Parties and alliances Seats
Liberal Party–Monarchist Democratic Party (PL–PDM) 109
Liberal Conservative Party (PLC) 47
Villaverdist Conservatives (V) 4
Traditionalist Communion (Carlist) (CT) 2
Regionalist League (LR) 2
Republican Union Party (PUR) 1
Liberal Reformist Party (PLR) 1
Federal Republican Party (PRF) 1
Independents (INDEP) 4
Archbishops (ARCH) 9
Total elective seats 180
Sources[26][27][28][29][30]
Seats
PL–PDM
  
 60.00%
PLC
  
 26.67%
V
  
 2.22%
CT
  
 1.11%
LR
  
 1.11%
PUR
  
 0.56%
PLR
  
 0.56%
PRF
  
 0.56%
INDEP
  
 2.22%
ARCH
  
 5.00%

Distribution by group

Summary of political group distribution in the 12th Restoration Cortes (1905–1907)
Group Parties and alliances C S Total
PL–PDM Liberal Party–Monarchist Democratic Party (PL–PDM) 225 107 334
Urquijists (U) 1 1
PLC Liberal Conservative Party (PLC) 105 48 153
PUR Republican Union Party (PUR) 25 1 26
V Villaverdist Conservatives (V) 16 4 20
LR Regionalist League (LR) 7 2 9
PLR Liberal Reformist Party (PLR) 7 1 8
PRF Federal Republican Party (PRF) 5 1 6
CT Traditionalist Communion (Carlist) (CT) 4 2 6
PI Integrist Party (PI) 3 0 3
INDEP Independents (INDEP) 6 4 10
ARCH Archbishops (ARCH) 0 9 9
Total 404 180 584

Notes

  1. ↑ Results for PL (95 deputies and 50 senators) and PDM (9 deputies and 4 senators) in the 1903 election.
  2. ↑ Results for PLC (228 deputies and 101 senators) and T (6 deputies and 6 senators) in the 1903 election.
  3. ↑ Its leader, Raimundo Fernández-Villaverde, had died on 15 July 1905.

References

  1. ↑ 1.0 1.1 1.2 1.3 Constitución de la Monarquía Española, 30 June 1876 Gaceta de Madrid (in Español)
  2. ↑ Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
  3. ↑ García Muñoz 2002, pp. 106–107.
  4. ↑ Carreras de Odriozola & Tafunell Sambola 2005, p. 1077.
  5. ↑ Ley electoral de los Diputados a Cortes, 28 December 1878 Gaceta de Madrid (in Español)
  6. ↑ 6.0 6.1 6.2 Ley electoral para Diputados a Cortes, 26 June 1890 Gaceta de Madrid (in Español)
  7. ↑ Ley mandando que los distritos para las elecciones de Diputados á Córtes sean los que se expresan en la división adjunta, 1 January 1871 Gaceta de Madrid (in Español)
  8. ↑ Leyes aprobando la división electoral en las provincias de Sevilla y de Barcelona, 5 July 1898 Gaceta de Madrid (in Español)
  9. ↑ Ley mandando que en lo sucesivo sean cuatro los Diputados á Cortes que elegirá la circunscripción electoral de Cartagena, 7 August 1899 Gaceta de Madrid (in Español)
  10. ↑ Ley estableciendo una circunscripción para elegir tres Diputados á cortes, que la constituirán los cuatro partidos judiciales de Ayamonte, Hueva, Moguer y la Palma, con todas las poblaciones que de ellos forman parte, 24 March 1902 Gaceta de Madrid (in Español)
  11. ↑ Ley sancionada por S. M. formando un solo distrito electoral para Diputados á Cortes con los de Las Palmas y Guía, 5 April 1904 Gaceta de Madrid (in Español)
  12. ↑ 12.0 12.1 Ley electoral de Senadores, 8 February 1877 Gaceta de Madrid (in Español)
  13. ↑ Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
  14. ↑ Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
  15. ↑ Martorell Linares 1997, pp. 139–143.
  16. ↑ Martínez Relanzón 2017, pp. 147–148.
  17. ↑ Armengol i Segú & Varela Ortega 2001, pp. 655–776.
  18. ↑ Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
  19. ↑ Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
  20. ↑ Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
  21. ↑ Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
  22. ↑ Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
  23. ↑ Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
  24. ↑ Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
  25. ↑ Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
  26. ↑ Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
  27. ↑ Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
  28. ↑ Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
  29. ↑ Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
  30. ↑ Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.

Bibliography

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