Equivalent canonization

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Saint Hildegard of Bingen, canonized in 2012 by Pope Benedict XVI.

Equivalent canonization or equipollent canonization (Latin: equipollens canonizatio) is a form of canonization that occurs when the Pope recognizes and orders the public and universal veneration of a Servant of God, without having gone through the procedure normally required by formal canonization, because veneration of the saint has been carried out since ancient times and continuously by the Church.

History

Veneration of Christian martyrs and saints are attested from the first centuries of the Church. However, canonization as an ecclesiastical procedure was not outlined until the 11th century with the aim of seeking to define those Christians who would deserve the universal reverence of the Church, thus avoiding confusion between local churches and seeking that the virtues of the deceased were fully proven. Already during this time the authority of the Bishop of Rome was appealed to claim to him or to the synods the power to determine said cult.[1]

In the 17th century, Pope Urban VIII began to make pontifical declarations of canonization through papal bulls, the first canonized saints being Philip Neri, Ignatius of Loyola, Francis Xavier and in other bulls he would decree the beatification of other servants of God, Similarly, in 1634, through the bull Caelestis Hierusalem cives, he established such powers of beatification and canonization as exclusive to the Holy See.[2]

In the first half of the 18th century, Bishop Prospero Lambertini, before being elected as pope under the name of Benedict XIV, published his maximum liturgical work entitled De servorum Dei beatificatione et de beatorum canonizatione, where he expounded the doctrine of "equivalent canonization" and described the possibility of establishing public worship for a person whose reputation for holiness and heroic virtues has long been proven by tradition and for whom there was already a prior worship in the Church.

This doctrine has been reiterated since then by various pontiffs up to modernity without the most recent provisions regarding the canonization process having repealed it as a valid practice, exclusive to the Pope.

Various saints have been included in the martyrology in this way, including Romuald, Norbert of Xanten, Bruno of Cologne, Peter Nolasco, Raymond Nonnatus, John of Matha, Felix of Valois, Margaret of Scotland, Stephen I of Hungary, and Pope Gregory VII.[1] Some of the most recent cases of equivalent canonization were that of Hildegard of Bingen on 10 May 2012, 833 years after her death;[3] that of Angela of Foligno on 9 October 2013, 704 years after her death;[4] that of Peter Faber on 17 December 2013, 467 years after his death; and that of Joseph of Anchieta on 3 April 2014, 416 years after his death.

Requirements

Unlike ordinary canonization, in which a whole canonical process is necessary, in equivalent canonization only the prior verification of:

  • Public veneration of the servant of God carried out historically and without interruption.
  • The fame of holiness and miraculous intercession.
  • Heroic virtues or martyrdom.

After the above, only a public declaration of the Supreme Pontiff is enough where the extension of the cult of the saint to the Universal Church is ordered.

Complete list

File:Padre Anchieta.jpg
Saint Joseph of Anchieta, canonized in 2014 by Pope Francis.

As examples, prior to his pontificate, of this mode of canonization, Pope Benedict XIV himself enumerated the equipollent canonizations of saints:

Later equipollent canonizations include those of saints:

Pope Francis added saints:

References

  1. ↑ 1.0 1.1 Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
  2. ↑ Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
  3. ↑ Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
  4. ↑ Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
  5. ↑ Angelo Amato, "La canonizzazione equipollente della mistica Angela da Foligno" in L'Osservatore Romano (12 October 2013).
  6. ↑ Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
  7. ↑ 7.0 7.1 7.2 Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
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