Religion in the Netherlands

Beliefs in the Netherlands (Dec 2014).

  Atheism (25%)

  Agnosticism (31%)

  Ietsism (27%)

  Theism (17%)

Religion in the Netherlands was predominantly Christianity until late into the 20th century. Although religious diversity remains, there has been a decline of religious adherence. KASKI (Katholiek Sociaal-Kerkelijk Insituut / Catholic Social-Ecclesiastical Institute) found 23.7% to be Catholic in 2013 and 10.2% to be member of the Protestant Church in the Netherlands. The total number of members of Christian groups in the Netherlands has decreased from approximately 7,013,163 (43.22% overall population) in 2003 to 5,730,852 (34.15% overall population) in 2013. Approximately 56.1% (51.3-61%) of the population has no religious affiliation. From a December 2014 survey by the VU University Amsterdam it was concluded that for the first time there are more atheists (25%) than theists (17%) in the Netherlands. The majority of the population being agnostic (31%) or ietsistic (27%). Religion is in the Netherlands generally considered a personal matter which is not supposed to be propagated in public.

Atheism, ietsism, agnosticism, and Christian atheism are on the rise; the first three being widely accepted and the last being more or less considered to be non-controversial. Among those who adhere to Christianity there are high percentages of atheists, agnostics and ietsists, since affiliation with a Christian denomination is also used in a way of cultural identification in the different parts of the Netherlands. The Sociaal en Cultureel Planbureau (Social and Cultural Planning Agency, SCP) expects the number of non-affiliated Dutch to be at 72% in 2020.

History

Main article: History of religion in the Netherlands

Altar for Nehalennia 150-250 AD

The oldest data on the profession of religion by the inhabitants of the regions that are now the "Netherlands" are passed down by the Romans. Contrary to what ancient sources seem to suggest, the Rhine, which clearly formed the boundary of the Roman Empire, did certainly not form the boundary between residential areas of Celts and Germans. There were Germans south of it (Germani Cisrhenani) and many place names and archaeological finds indicate the presence of Celts north of the Rhine. Between these "Celtic - Germanic peoples" and later the Roman conquerors (romanization) a cultural exchange took place. An adaptation of polytheistic religions and each other myths has taken place among the various tribes, coming from both the Germanic, Celtic and later Roman mythology. Gods as Nehalennia, Hludana and Sandraudiga are of indigenous (Celtic) origin, the Germanic people had gods like Wodan, Donar and Frigg/Freija (see Freya) from Germanic origin. For example, Jupiter, Minerva and Venus have been introduced by the Romans. Tacitus also described the creation myth of Mannus, a primitive man from which all Germanic tribes would have emerged. The Celts and Germans in the Low Countries were also most likely to have had tree shrines, following the example of the Old Norse Yggdrasil and the Saxon Irminsul and Donar's oak. Temples were probably only built during and after the romanization, and have been preserved for example in Empel and Elst.

From the 4th to the 6th century AD The Great Migration took place, in which the small Celtic-Germanic-Roman tribes in the Low Countries were gradually supplanted by three major Germanic tribes: the Franks, the Frisians and Saxons. Around 500 the Franks, initially residing between the Rhine and the Somme, adapt (forced by their king Chlodovech) to Christianity. A large part of the area south of the Meuse belonged from the early Middle Ages to 1559 to Archdeacon Kempenland, which was part of the Diocese of Tongeren-Maastricht-Liege. From the center of the diocese, successively the cities of Tongeren, Maastricht and Liege, this part of the Netherlands was probably Christianized. According to tradition, the first Bishop of Maastricht, Servatius was buried in this city in 384, though only from Bishop Domitianus (ca. 535) is established that he resided in Maastricht. However, it would take at least until 1000 AD before all pagan people were actually Christianized and the Frisian and Saxon religions went extinct, although elements were incorporated into the Christian religion. The following centuries catholic Christianity is the only mainstream religion in the Netherlands. In the 14th and 15th century, the first calls were heard for religious reform, although inside the Catholic Church. At the end of the Middle Ages, the Devotio Moderna (among others Geert Groote and Thomas à Kempis) created a spiritual innovation. Geert Groote established the Brethren of the Common Life, an influential mystical order, but only under the influence of humanism (among others Erasmus and Dirck Coornhert) changed the Dutch world fundamentally, and started to shift from a theocentric to an anthropocentric worldview.

The Old Saxon Baptismal Vow: "Forsachistu diobolae.." (Forsakest thou devils) and "gelobistu in Got alamehtigan fadaer" (believest thou in God almighty father). Left caption in a later writing: "Abrinuciatio diaboli lingua Teotisca veter." = (abjuration of the devil in Old German). Under the Baptismal Vow in Latin an enumeration of the first 20 practices in the Indiculus superstitionum et paganiarum.

The rebellious Netherlands that had united in the Union of Utrecht (1579) declared their independence from Spain in 1581, during the Eighty Years' War; Spain finally accepted this in 1648. The Dutch revolt was partially religiously motivated: during the Reformation many of the Dutch had adopted Lutheran, Anabaptist, Calvinist or Mennonite forms of Protestantism. These religious movements were suppressed by the Spanish, who supported the Counter Reformation. After independence the Netherlands adopted Calvinism as a quasi state religion (although never formally), but practiced a degree of religious tolerance towards non-Calvinists. It became considerably safe for Jewish and Protestant refugees from Flanders, France (Huguenots), Germany and England (Pilgrims for instance). There have always been considerable differences between orthodox and liberal interpretations of Calvinism: between Arminianism and Gomarism in the 17th century; and between the Dutch Reformed Church (Nederlands Hervormde Kerk) and the Reformed Churches in the Netherlands (Gereformeerde Kerken in Nederland) in the late 19th century, which even led to a denominational difference between hervormd and gereformeerd, though linguistically both meaning "reformed". Catholics, who dominated the southern provinces, were not allowed to practice their religion openly. They were emancipated during the late 19th and early 20th century through pillarization, by forming their own social communities. In 1947, 44.3% belonged to Protestant denominations, 38.7% belonged to the Roman Catholic Church, and 17.1% were unaffiliated. In 2013, Statistics Netherlands found that 26% of the population identified as Roman Catholic, 16% as Protestant, 5% as Muslim, and 6% as "other" (the last includes other Christian denominations, Hindus 0.6%, Jews 0.1%, and Buddhists 0.4%). In 1940-45, 75-80% of Dutch Jews were murdered in The Holocaust by the Nazis.

In the 20th century the major religions began to decline as secularism grew; in the 1960s and 1970s Protestantism and Catholicism began to decline. There is one major exception: Islam which grew considerably as the result of immigration. Since the year 2000 there has been raised awareness of religion, mainly due to Muslim extremism. In 2013 a Catholic became Queen consort.

Abrahamic religions

Bahaism

Main article: Bahá'í Faith in the Netherlands

Christianity

Roman Catholicism

Main article: Roman Catholicism in the Netherlands

Basilica of Saint Servatius (built 570) in Maastricht is the oldest church in the Netherlands.

Currently, Roman Catholicism is the single largest religion of the Netherlands, forming some 23.7 percent of the Dutch people in 2013, down from 40 percent in the 1970s.

After 1970 the emphasis on catholic concepts like hell, the devil, sinning, the taboo on divorce and remarrying of widows and catholic traditions like confession, kneeling, the teaching of catechism and having the hostia placed on the tongue by the priest rapidly disappeared and these concepts are nowadays seldom within contemporary Dutch Catholicism. In the 1980s and 1990s the church became polarized between conservatives, whose main organization was the Contact Roman Catholics, and liberals, whose main organization was the Eighth of May Movement, (Dutch: "Acht Mei-beweging") which was founded in 1985. The organization had a difficult relationship with the bishops and was disbanded in 2003.

In December 2011 a report was published by Wim Deetman, a former Dutch minister, detailing widespread child abuse within the Catholic Church in the Netherlands. 1,800 instances of abuse "by clergy or volunteers within Dutch Catholic dioceses" were reported to have occurred since 1945.

The number of Catholics is not only declining, but many people who identify themselves as Roman Catholics also do not regularly attend Sunday Mass. Fewer than 200,000 people, or 1.2% of the Dutch population, attends Mass on a given Sunday, according to the Catholic University of Nijmegen Institute for Ecclesiastical Statistics (KASKI) in their 2007 annual statistical update of the Dutch Catholic province, Most Catholics live in the southern provinces of North Brabant and Limburg, where they comprise a majority of the population in the diocese of Roermond in the province of Limburg. According to the church administration in 2010 the population of two dioceses' s-Hertogenbosch and Roermond had still a majority Roman Catholic. It is notable that SILA (Stichting Interkerkelijke Ledenadministratie) published precisely for these two dioceses a significantly lower number of Catholics in 2005. Based on the SILA-numbers, in the diocese of 's-Hertogenbosch in 2010 the population has no longer a Catholic majority, according to the church administration Catholics became a minority in the diocese of 's-Hertogenbosch since 2014. The number of parishes in the Netherlands has dropped between 2003 and 2014 from 1525 to 842. As of 2014 cardinal Willem Jacobus Eijk, the Archbishop of Utrecht, is the highest Catholic authority. Since the provinces North Brabant and Limburg are in the Netherlands historically mostly Roman Catholic, and some of their people still use the term and some traditions as a base for their cultural identity rather than as a religious identity. The vast majority of the Catholic population in the Netherlands is now largely irreligious in practice. Research among Catholics in the Netherlands in 2007 shows that only 27% of the Dutch Catholics can be regarded as a theist, 55% as an ietsist, deist or agnostic and 17% as atheist.

Notable Dutch Catholics include Pope Adrian VI, Ruud Lubbers, Henry of Gorkum, Cornelius Loos, Jakob Middendorp, Hieronymus Bosch, Piet de Jong, Jan Harmenszoon Krul, Dries van Agt, Jan Steen, Casimir Ubaghs, Maxime Verhagen, and Joan Albert Ban.

Protestant Churches

Main article: Protestant Church of the Netherlands

The Protestant Church of the Netherlands (PKN) forms the largest Protestant denomination, with some 10.2% of the population, down from 60% in the early 20th century. It was formed in 2004 as a merger of the two major strands of Calvinism: the Dutch Reformed Church (which then represented roughly 8.5% of the population) and the Reformed Churches in the Netherlands (at that time 3.7% of the population) and a smaller Lutheran Church, the Evangelical Lutheran Church in the Kingdom of the Netherlands (0.1%). Since the 1970s these three churches had seen a major decline in adherents and had begun to work together. The Church embraces religious pluralism. Research shows that 42% of the members of the PKN are non-theist. Furthermore, in the Protestant Church in the Netherlands (PKN) and several other smaller denominations of the Netherlands, 1 in 6 clergy are either agnostic or atheist. It is the traditional faith of the Dutch Royal Family – a remnant of the church's historical dominance. The number of members falls on average by about 2.5% per year. This is caused primarily by the death of older members and little growth among the younger population. A large number of Protestant churches, mostly orthodox Calvinist splits and liberal churches, stayed out of the PKN. They represented some 4% of the population in 2004.

The Bible Belt (De Bijbelgordel in Dutch) is the name given to a strip of land in the Netherlands, after the Bible Belt of the United States. The belt is inhabited by a large number of conservative Protestants. The Bible Belt stretches from Zeeland, through the West-Betuwe and Veluwe, to the northern parts of the province Overijssel. However, some communities with strong conservative Protestant leanings are situated outside the belt. For example, Urk, considered by many as one of the most traditional communities in the country, and some municipalities of Friesland have characteristics typical of the Bible Belt. Other places in this area are Yerseke, Tholen, Ouddorp, Opheusden, Kesteren, Barneveld, Nunspeet, Elspeet and Staphorst. The three biggest cities regarded to be part of the Bible Belt are Ede, Veenendaal and Kampen. The Dutch holidays are still related to Christianity, with half of the national holidays being based on or derived of Christian celebrations.

Islam

Main article: Islam in the Netherlands

Ulu Mosque in Bergen, North Holland.

Islam is a relatively new religion in the Netherlands, as per most recent (CBS) statistics about 825.000, or 4.5% of the Dutch population are Muslims. Until some years earlier, the number of Muslims was estimated based on the religious makeup of the country of origin of the parents of citizens. Through this method the number of Muslims was greatly overestimated. For instance, in 2004, the CBS estimated there were 944,000 Muslims in the Netherlands (almost 6% of the total Dutch population). The official CBS count of Muslims in the Netherlands has been decreasing every year since 2004.

Majority of Muslims in the Netherlands belong to Sunni denomination, with a sizeable Shia minority. Approximately 1,500 belong to the Ahmadiyya sect in Islam. Muslim numbers began to rise after the 1970s as the result of immigration. Some migrants from former Dutch colonies, such as Surinam and Indonesia, were sometimes Muslim, but migrant workers from Turkey and Morocco are the biggest part, as well as their children. During the 1990s, the Netherlands opened its borders for Muslim refugees from countries like Bosnia and Herzegovina, Somalia, Iraq, Iran and Afghanistan. Of the immigrant ethnic groups, 100% of Bosniaks; 99% of Moroccans; 90% of Turks; 69% of Asians; 64% of other Africans, and 12% of Surinamese were Muslims. Muslims form a diverse group. Social tensions between native Dutch and migrant Muslims began to rise in the early 21st century, with the rise and murder of populist politician Pim Fortuyn by militant animal rights activist Volkert van der Graaf and the murder of Theo van Gogh by an extremist Muslim, Mohammed Bouyeri, part of the Hofstad Network.

Judaism

The Portuguese Synagogue (built 1675) in Amsterdam is the oldest synagogue in the Netherlands.

Main article: History of Jews in the Netherlands

Because of its social tolerance, the Dutch Republic formed a haven for Jews that were persecuted because of their beliefs throughout Europe. Prominent Dutch Jews include Baruch Spinoza, a 17th-century philosopher, Aletta Jacobs, a 19th-century feminist, and Henri Polak, who founded both the socialist party SDAP and the labor union NVV. The majority of Jews lived in Amsterdam, where they formed an eighth (90,000) of the population. During the Second World War about 75% of Dutch Jews were deported and murdered in The Holocaust.

Tendencies

Lutheran church in Kollumerzwaag

Secularization, decline of Christianity, and growth of religious minorities

Secularization, and the decline in religiosity, started around 1880 and first became broader noticeable after 1960 in the Protestant rural areas of Friesland and Groningen. Then, it spread to Amsterdam, Rotterdam and the other large cities in the west. In the 1970s, finally the Catholic southern areas started to show religious declines. A countervailing trend is produced by a religious revival in the Protestant Bible Belt, and the growth of Muslims and Hindu communities resulting from immigration and high birth rates.

After the Second World War the major religions began to decline, while a new religion, Islam, began to increase in numbers. During the 1960s and 1970s, pillarization began to weaken and the population became less religious. In 1971, 39% of the Dutch population were members of the Roman Catholic Church; by 2007, their share of the population had dropped to 26% (KASKI data). The proportion of adherents of mainline Protestantism declined in the same period from 31% to 11%. An additional 5% of the population adheres to other Protestant churches and the Old Catholic Church. With only 40% of the Dutch currently adhering to a church, the Netherlands is one of the least religious countries of Europe. During the 1960s till 1980s, religion lost its influence on the Dutch politics and as a result in the 1980s and 1990s the Dutch policy on abortion, euthanasia, homosexuality and prostitution became very liberal. As a result of the declining religious adherence, the two major strands of Calvinism, the Dutch Reformed Church and the Reformed Churches in the Netherlands, together with a small Lutheran group began to cooperate, first as the Samen op weg Kerken ("Together on the road churches") and since 2004 as the Protestant Church in the Netherlands, a united Protestant church.

During the same period, Islam increased from nearly 0% to 5%. The main Islamic immigrants came from Surinam and Indonesia, as a result of decolonization, Turkey and Morocco, as migrant workers, and Iraq, Iran, Bosnia and Afghanistan as refugees. In the early 21st century, religious tensions between native Dutch people and migrant Muslims was increasing. After the rise of the populist politician Pim Fortuyn, who sought to defend the Dutch liberal culture against what he saw as a "backwards religion", stricter immigration laws were enacted. Religious tensions heightened after Theo van Gogh was killed in 2004 by Mohammed Bouyeri, a conservative Muslim.

In December 2014 for the first time there are more atheists (25%) than theists (17%) in the Netherlands. The majority of the population being agnostic (31%) or "believing that there must something undefined beyond material and that which can be known" (27%). 63 percent of Dutch people think that religion does more harm than good. This is according to a study on religion and spirituality conducted by research firm Ipsos on behalf of Trouw. Not all respondents agreed with the statement that religion does more harm to the same degree. Most respondents (26 percent) agreed "a little". 19 percent of respondents "agreed" with the statement and another 18 percent "agreed completely". Atheists (25 percent of Dutch people) see the most harm in religion. Of this group 88 percent agreed that the balance is unfavorable for religion. The study showed that the more faithful someone is, the less that person is convinced that religion produces little good. Of the faithful only 21 percent believe that religion has a more damaging than beneficial effect.

Humanism

Spinoza.

Erasmus.

Hugo Grotius.

Dirck Coornhert

A research in 2003 shows that about 1.27 million people in the Netherlands express explicitly an affinity with secular humanism, which is about 9.4% of the total population. Erasmus and Coornhert are important early representatives of humanism in the Netherlands in the 16th century. Erasmus translated many classical texts so that they were accessible to a wide audience. In this period, there was still no non-or anti-religion movement. However, there was a sense of free will, own strength and reason. Dirck Coornhert in the Netherlands was one of the first who advocated religious tolerance. He did not derive his morality from the Christian religion, but enunciated that people outside the Christian faith could be virtuous as well. A statement Coornhert made is: "He who is never in doubt, does never learn." In the 17th century, especially Spinoza and Hugo Grotius were important. Baruch Spinoza (17th century) dared to call the bible man-made. The jurist Hugo Grotius focused on the law relating to war, peace and law. Internationally, he is regarded as the founder of modern human rights. During the Age of Enlightenment (18th century), the importance of science and research increased sharply. Confidence in human understanding and logical reasoning was given shape in liberalism. The German philosopher Kant and the evolution theory of Darwin, among other scientific theories in the 19th century, had an exceptionally strong influence and were a major step in the development of humanism in the Netherlands. Ludwig Feuerbach called religion a creation of the human mind. The modern organized humanist movement began in the Netherlands in the mid-nineteenth century with the establishment of freethinkers association De Dageraad (Dawn). The members, including writer Multatuli and later Anton Constandse. Marx's socialism had a significant influence on the Dutch humanism of the 20th century. With the establishment of the humanistic associations Humanitas in 1945 and the Humanistisch Verbond in 1946, Dutch humanists organized themselves after the Second World War to fight the still highly compartmentalized society which was dominated by separate Christians movements in the Netherlands (pillarisation). When the Universal Declaration of Human Rights was adopted by the United Nations in 1948, the Dutch Humanist movements became involved with the establishment of the International Humanist and Ethical Union in 1952 (and since 1990 also the European Humanist Federation).

Pluralism

Slightly more than half (52.8%) of the respondents to a research about humanism in 2003 affiliated with no religious or philosophical movement at all. In contrast 8% said to follow more than 1 movement. This form of pluralism occurs in all religious and philosophical Dutch movements, but is strongest among supporters of non-Western religions. 75% of Dutch Buddhists also affiliate with other religious or philosophical movements. Among followers of Hinduism in the Netherlands, this ratio is even higher, at 91%. On the other hand, followers of Western religions and humanism, as well as movements in the 'other' category were least likely to affiliate with more than one religious or philosophical movement. Within Western movements the people affiliating with humanism were most likely to also adhere to one or more other movements (47%). Most of these humanists adhere to Catholicism (27%), Protestantism (14%) or Buddhism (12%). Also 9% of Catholics, 6% of Protestants and 50% of the Buddhists counting themselves as humanists, as well as 25% of the Muslims, 55% of the Hindu, 19% of the Jews and 15% of the supporters of a movement other than these listed.

Cults, sects, and new religious movements

Cults, sects, and new religious movements have the same legal rights as larger and more mainstream religious movements. The Dutch government chose not to make special laws regarding cults, sects or new religious movements (generally all informally called "sekten" in Dutch). This decision was based on reports made after the 1978 Jonestown mass murder and suicide. Nor is there any officially assigned institute that provides information to the public about these movements and organizations.

Since November 2012, an official complaint website about cults, sects, new religious movements, spiritual courses, philosophy courses, and therapy groups exists. The website was initiated by the Ministry of Security and Justice. The website can also refer people to psychological counsellors. The immediate reason for this website was an undercover documentary by the commercial TV station SBS6 about the Miracle of Love movement.

As of 2004, the Netherlands does not have an anti-cult movement of any significance.

2000s

Sint-Janskathedraal in Den Bosch.

While 56,1% of the Dutch population are not members of any religious community, the other 43.9% are distributed over a diversity of religions. 34% of the Dutch population is affiliated with a Christian church. The largest group, 23.7%, is Roman Catholic. The rest is distributed over a multitude of Protestant churches making up the 10.2% of the population. The largest of which is the Protestant Church in the Netherlands, which in fact is an alliance of three churches, two Calvinist and one Lutheran. Smaller churches make up about the 0.1% of the Dutch population. These churches have either been the result of conflicts within the Calvinist Church or been imported, mainly from the United States. Other Christians (Eastern Orthodox and Restorationists) make up only a small percentage. The remaining 10.0% of the population are members of another religion, such as Islam (5.8%), Hinduism, Judaism, Baha'i, Buddhism or indigenous religions.

It should be noted that different sources give very different percentages. A 2007 research God in Nederland, based on in-depth interviews of 1132 people concluded that 61% of the Dutch are non-affiliated. Fewer than 7% attend church or mosque regularly (at least once a month). Similar studies were done in 1966, 1979 and 1996, showing a steady decline of religious affiliation. That this trend is likely to continue is illustrated by the fact that in the age group under 35, 69% are non-affiliated. However, those who are religious tend to be more profoundly religious than in the past. Religious belief is also regarded as a very personal affair, as is illustrated by the fact that 60% of self-described believers are not affiliated with any organised religion. There is a stronger stress on positive sides of belief, with Hell and the concept of damnation being pushed into the background. 53% of the Dutch population believe in a form of life after death, of which a third believes in some kind of heaven (with or without a god), but only 4% believe in a Hell. Of the entire population 10% believes in a reunion of family and loved ones, and 10% in survival of the spirit, soul or consciousness. Of the people who answer positive on the question whether they believe there is life after death, 15% think of the afterlife as "living on in the memory of others". Further believe 6 percent in reincarnation and 5% in a later return to earth as only in a human form. One quarter of non-believers sometimes pray, but more in a sense of meditative self-reflection. Also Atheism, Ietsism, Agnosticism and Christian atheism are on the rise; the first three being general accepted and the last being more or less considered to be non-controversial.

Member loss of Christian groups 2003-2013

Almost all Christian groups show a decrease in the number of members or less stable membership. However, in particular the loss of members of the two major churches are noticeable, which are the Roman Catholic Church in the Netherlands, with a membership loss of approximately 540.500 members between 2003 (4,532,000 pers. / 27.9% o.p) and 2013 (3,992,000 pers. / 23,7% o.p.), and the Protestant Church in the Netherlands, with a membership loss of 737,174 members between 2003 (Dutch Reformed Church 1,823,085 pers. / 11.2% o.p, Reformed Churches in the Netherlands 623,100 pers. / 3.8% o.p and Evangelical Lutheran Church in the Kingdom of the Netherlands 11,989 pers. / 0,07% o.p → total 2,458,174 pers. / 15,15% o.p) and 2012 (PKN 1,721,000 pers. / 10.2% o.p). Smaller churches (Mennonite Church in the Netherlands, Remonstrants and Old Catholic Church had a total number of 22,489 members (0,13% o.p.) in 2003 and dropped to 17,852 members (0,10% o.p.) in 2012. This causes the number of members of Christian groups in the Netherlands to have decreased: from 7,013,163 (43.22% o.p) in 2003 to 5,730,852 (34.15% o.p) in 2013. This counts for a total member loss of 1,282,311 (9,7% overall population) of all churches in the Netherlands within these 10 years.

Demographics

Jewish and Eastern religious minorities

Interior of the synagogue of Enschede.

Naropa Institute of Tibetan Buddhism in Cadzand.

He Hua Temple of the Chinese community in Amsterdam.

• Judaism
  • Jewish Communities in the Netherlands
  • Dutch Union for Progressive Judaism
  • Portuguese Israelite Religious Community
• Hinduism
• Buddhism
• Sikhism

Christian minorities

Remonstrant church in Groningen.

The Hague Netherlands Temple of The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints (Mormon).

• Other Catholicism:
  • Old Catholic Church of the Netherlands
  • Free Catholic Church in the Netherlands
• Calvinism:
  • Restored Reformed Church
  • Continued Reformed Churches
  • Christian Reformed Churches
  • Netherlands Reformed Congregations
  • Reformed Parishes in the Netherlands
  • Continued Reformed Churches in the Netherlands
  • Old Reformed Parishes in the Netherlands
  • Free Old Reformed Parishes in the Netherlands
  • Reformed Churches in the Netherlands (Liberated)
  • Netherlands Reformed Churches
  • New Reformed Churches
• Mennonite Church in the Netherlands
• Remonstrant Brotherhood
• Baptists:
  • Union of Baptist Churches in the Netherlands
  • Brotherhood of Baptist Churches
  • Independent Free Baptist Churches
• Lutheranism:
  • League of Free Evangelican Parishes
  • Evangelican Brotherhood
• Restorationism:
  • New Apostolic Church
  • Seventh-day Adventist Church
• Pentecostalism:
  • Apostolic Community
  • United Pentecostal and Evangelical Churches
• Anglicanism: Church of England
• Dispensationalism: Gathering of Religious
• Methodism: Salvation Army
• Quakerism
• Zwinglianism: Zwingli Union
• Eastern Orthodox Church

Fishing for Souls (Zielenvisserij), Adriaen Pietersz. van de Venne, 1614, (Rijksmuseum), a satirical allegory of Protestant-Catholic struggles for souls during the Dutch Revolt. At the left the Protestants with a.o. the princes Maurits and Frederik Hendrik. Protestants are fishing in the foreground; their nets are marked with Fides, Spes and Caritas. At the right Catholics with archdukes Albert and Isabella, Spinola and Pope Paul V carried by cardinals. A bishop and his Catholic priests are fishing in the boat for people.

Membership of Religious Communities according to 2004 data from a 2007 Social and Cultural Planning Office report

Religion	Orientation	Adherents	Year	Population (%) (estimate)
Christianity		7,500,000	*	43.4%
Catholicism		4,359,000	2006	26.6%
Catholicism	Roman Catholic	4,352,000	2006	26.6%
Old Catholic Church	Old Catholic	5,981	2004	<0.1%
Free Catholic Church in the Netherlands	Liberal Catholic	800	2004	<0.1%
Protestant		3,033,831	*	18.3%
Protestant Church in the Netherlands	Lutheran and Calvinist	1,944,000	2005	12%
Restored Reformed Church	Calvinist (Hervormd)	70,000	2005	0.4%
Continued Reformed Churches	Calvinist (Gereformeerd)	3,900	2005	<0.1%
Christian Reformed Churches	Calvinist (Gereformeerd)	74,853	2005	0.5%
Netherlands Reformed Congregations	Calvinist (Gereformeerd)	103,272	2005	0.6%
Reformed Parishes in the Netherlands	Calvinist (Gereformeerd)	21,708	2005	0.1%
Continued Reformed Churches in the Netherlands	Calvinist (Gereformeerd)	3,000	2005	<0.1%
Reformed Parishes in the Netherlands (in repaired relations)	Calvinist (Gereformeerd)	1,250	2005	<0.1%
Old Reformed Parishes in the Netherlands	Calvinist (Gereformeerd)	18,000	2005	0.1%
Free Old Reformed Parishes in the Netherlands	Calvinist (Gereformeerd)	18,000	2004	0.1%
Reformed Churches in the Netherlands (Liberated)	Calvinist (Gereformeerd)	125,970	2005	0.8%
Netherlands Reformed Churches	Calvinist (Gereformeerd)	31,590	2004	0.2%
New Reformed Churches	Calvinist (Gereformeerd)	1,500	2005	<0.1%
Mennonite Church in the Netherlands	Anabaptist (Doopsgezind)	9,368	2005	0.1%
Remonstant Brotherhood	Remonstrant (Remonstrant)	4,581	2005	<0.1%
Union of Baptist Churches in the Netherlands	Baptist (Baptist)	11,364	2004	0.1%
Brotherhood of Baptist Churches	Baptist (Baptist)	4,200	2004	<0.1%
Independent Free Baptist Churches	Baptist (Baptist)	4,200	2004	<0.1%
League of Free Evangelican Parishes	Lutheran	5,821	2004	<0.1%
Evangelican Brotherhood	Lutheran	12,000	2005	0.1%
New Apostolic Church	Restorationist	11,856	2004	0.1%
Apostolic Community	Pentecostal	18,673	2004	0.1%
United Pentecostal and Gospelchurches	Pentecostal	19,820	2004	0.1%
Other Pentecostal	Pentecostal	50,830	2004	0.4%
Church of England, Diocese in Europe	Anglican	33,000	2004	0.2%
Seventh-day Adventist Church	Restorationist	4,500	2004	<0.1%
Gathering of Religious	Dispensationalism	10,000	*	0.1%
Salvation Army	Methodism	6,840	2005	<0.1%
Geredja Indjili Maluku	unknown	25,000	2004	0.2%
Christian Church Netherlands (Nordic Brotherhood)	unknown	2,100	2004	<0.1%
Quaker	*	200	*	<0.1%
Liberal Religious Community NPB	*	5,338	2004	<0.1%
Zwingli Union	*	150	*	<0.1%
Eastern Orthodox		22,000	2004	0.1%
Eastern Orthodox	Orthodox	22,000	2004	0.1%
Islam		944,000	2004	5.8%
Islam	Islam	944,000	2004	5.8%
Judaism		35,900	*	0.2%
Nederlands Israëlitisch Kerkgenootschap	Judaism	5,000	*	<0.1%
Union of Religious Liberal Jews in the Netherlands	Judaism	3,500	*	<0.1%
Portugees-Israëlitisch Kerkgenootschap	Judaism	600	*	<0.1%
Hinduism		215,000	2004	1.3%
Hinduism	Hinduism	215,000	*	1.3%
Buddhism		169,000	2004	1.0%
Buddhism	Buddhism	169,000	2004	1.0%
Sikhism		12,000	2004	0.1%
Sikhism	Sikhism	12,000	2004	0.1%
No religious affiliation		7,230,000	*	42.7%

Educational institutes

• Freedom of education
• School struggle (Netherlands)
• Special school (Netherlands)

See also

• Sikhism in the Netherlands
• Buddhism in the Netherlands
• History of religion in the Netherlands
• History of Dutch religion
• Hinduism in the Netherlands
• Irreligion in the Netherlands
• Islam in the Netherlands
• Judaism in the Netherlands
• Religion by country
• Roman Catholicism in the Netherlands
• Protestant Church of the Netherlands
• Bahá'í Faith in the Netherlands