Baden-Baden

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For other uses, see Baden Baden (disambiguation).
Baden-Baden
View of Baden-Baden from Mount Merkur.
View of Baden-Baden from Mount Merkur.
Flag of Baden-Baden
Flag		 Coat of arms of Baden-Baden
Coat of arms
Country Germany
State Baden-Württemberg
Admin. region Karlsruhe
District Urban district
Government
 • Lord Mayor Dietmar Späth[1]
Area
 • Total 140.18 km2 (54.12 sq mi)
Population (2013-12-31)[2]
 • Total 53,012
 • Density 380/km2 (980/sq mi)
Time zone CET/CEST (UTC+1/+2)
Postal codes 76530–76534
Dialling codes 07221, 07223
Vehicle registration BAD
Website baden-baden.de

Baden-Baden (German pronunciation: [ˈbaːdn̩ ˈbaːdn̩] ( listen)) is a spa town in the state of Baden-Württemberg, south-western Germany, at the north-western border of the Black Forest mountain range on the small river Oos, ten kilometres (six miles) east of the Rhine, the border with France, and forty kilometres (twenty-five miles) north-east of Strasbourg, France.

In 2021, the town became part of the transnational UNESCO World Heritage Site under the name "Great Spa Towns of Europe", because of its famous spas and architecture that exemplifies the popularity of spa towns in Europe in the 18th through 20th centuries.[3]

Name

The springs at Baden-Baden were known to the Romans as Aquae ("The Waters")[4] and Aurelia Aquensis ("Aurelia-of-the-Waters") after M. Aurelius Severus Alexander Augustus.[5]

In modern German, Baden is a noun meaning "bathing"[6] but Baden, the original name of the town, derives from an earlier plural form of Bad ("bath").[7] (Modern German uses the plural form Bäder.)[8] As with the English placename "Bath", other Badens are at hot springs throughout Central Europe. The current doubled name arose to distinguish it from the others,[7] particularly Baden near Vienna in Austria and Baden near Zürich in Switzerland. The original Margraviate of Baden (1112-1535) split into several territories, including Baden-Baden and Baden-Durlach. The name "Baden-Baden" distinguished the Margraviate of Baden-Baden (1535–1771), from the Margraviate of Baden-Durlach. "Baden-Baden" thus means the town of Baden in the territory of Baden, whereas the name of the Margraviate of Baden-Baden meant "the Margraviate of Baden with its princely seat at Baden". Baden-Baden formally got its current name in 1931.[9]

Geography

Baden-Baden lies in a valley[10] of the Northern Black Forest in southwestern Germany.[11] The western districts lie within the Upper Rhine Plain. The highest mountain of Baden-Baden is the Badener Höhe (1,002.5 m above sea level (NHN)[12]), which is part of the Black Forest National Park. The old town lies on the side of a hill on the right bank of the Oos.[10] Since the 19th century, the principal resorts have been located on the other side of the river.[10] There are 29 natural springs in the area, varying in temperature from 46 to 67 °C (115 to 153 °F).[10] The water is rich in salt and flows from artesian wells 1,800 m (5,900 ft) under Florentine Hill[13] at a rate of 341 litres (90 gallons) per minute and is conveyed through pipes to the town's baths.[10]

History

Roman settlement at Baden-Baden has been dated as far back as the emperor Hadrian, but on dubious authority.[5] The known ruins of the Roman bath were rediscovered just below the New Castle in 1847[5] and date to the reign of Caracalla (AD 210s),[11] who visited the area to relieve his arthritic aches.[14] The facilities were used by the Roman garrison in Strasbourg.[11]

The town fell into ruin but its church was first constructed in the 7th century.[11] By 1112, it was the seat of the Margraviate of Baden.[11] The Lichtenthal Convent (Kloster Lichtenthal) was founded in 1254.[11] The margraves initially used Hohenbaden Castle (the Old Castle, Altes Schloss), whose ruins still occupy the summit above the town, but they completed and moved to the New Castle (Neues Schloss) in 1479.[5] The Margraviate was divided in 1535, with Baden-Baden becoming the capital of the Margraviate of Baden-Baden, while the other portion became the Margraviate of Baden-Durlach. The Baden-Baden witch trials, an investigating encompassing the entire territory and resulting in hundreds of verdicts, took place in 1627-1631. Baden suffered severely during the Thirty Years' War, particularly at the hands of the French, who plundered it in 1643.[5] They returned to occupy the city in 1688 at the onset of the Nine Years' War, burning it to the ground the next year.[11] The margravine Sibylla rebuilt the New Castle in 1697, but the margrave Louis William removed his seat to Rastatt in 1706.[5] The Stiftskirche was rebuilt in 1753[11] and houses the tombs of several of the margraves.[5]

The town began its recovery in the late 18th century, serving as a refuge for émigrés from the French Revolution.[11] The town was frequented during the Second Congress of Rastatt in 1797–99[citation needed] and became popular after the visit of the Prussian queen in the early 19th century.[11] She came for medicinal reasons, as the waters were recommended for gout, rheumatism, paralysis, neuralgia, skin disorders, and stones.[15] The Ducal government subsequently subsidized the resort's development.[5] The town became a meeting place for celebrities, who visited the hot springs and the town's other amenities: luxury hotels, the Spielbank Casino,[16] horse races, and the gardens of the Lichtentaler Allee. Guests included Queen Victoria, Wilhelm I, and Berlioz.[14] The pumproom (Trinkhalle) was completed in 1842.[10] The Grand Duchy's railway's mainline reached Baden in 1845.[citation needed] Reaching its zenith under Napoleon III in the 1850s and '60s, Baden became "Europe's summer capital".[11] With a population of around 10 000, the town's size could quadruple during the tourist season, with the French, British, Russians, and Americans all well represented.[10] (French tourism fell off following the Franco-Prussian War.)[15]

The theater was completed in 1861[10] and a Greek church with a gilt dome was erected on the Michaelsberg in 1863 to serve as the tomb of the teenage son of the prince of Moldavia Mihail Sturdza after he died during a family vacation.[17] A Russian Orthodox church was also subsequently erected.[15] The casino was closed for a time in the 1870s.[10]

File:Black Forest Autochrome 05 Baden-Baden.jpg
Baden-Baden in 1910

Just before the First World War, the town was receiving 70 000 visitors each year.[15]

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Main article: Bombing of Baden-Baden in World War II

During the Second World War, 3.1% of the houses in Baden-Baden were completely destroyed by bombs and 125 civilians were killed.[18] 5.8% of the houses were heavily damaged by bombs.[19] Lichtenthal, a residential area in the southwest of the town, was hit by bombs and Saint Bonifatius Church was severely damaged on 11 March 1943.[20] Balg, a residential area in the northeast of Baden-Baden, was hit by bombs on 17 December 1944. On 30 December 1944 one third of the buildings of Oos (i.e. about 300 houses), a residential area in the north of the town, was destroyed or heavily damaged by bombs and Saint Dionysius Church was severely damaged as well. On 2 January 1945 the railway station of Oos and various barracks on Schwarzwald Road were heavily damaged by bombs.[21] After World War II, Baden-Baden became the headquarters of the French occupation forces in Germany as well as of the Südwestfunk, one of Germany's large public broadcasting stations, which is now part of Südwestrundfunk. From 23–28 September 1981, the XIth Olympic Congress took place in Baden-Baden's Kurhaus. The Festspielhaus Baden-Baden, Germany's largest opera and concert house, opened in 1998.

CFB Baden-Soellingen, a military airfield built in the 1950s in the Upper Rhine Plain, 10 km (6 mi) west of downtown Baden-Baden, was converted into a civil airport in the 1990s. Karlsruhe/Baden-Baden Airport, or Baden Airpark is now the second-largest airport in Baden-Württemberg by number of passengers.[22]

In 1981 Baden-Baden hosted the Olympic Congress, which later made the town awarded the designation Olympic town.

Climate

The climate in this area has mild differences between highs and lows, and there is precipitation year round. The Köppen Climate Classification subtype for this climate is "Cfb" (Marine West Coast Climate/Oceanic climate).[23]

Climate data for Baden-Baden
Month Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec Year
Average high °C (°F) 4
(39)		 6
(42)		 11
(51)		 14
(57)		 19
(66)		 22
(71)		 24
(76)		 24
(76)		 21
(69)		 14
(57)		 8
(46)		 4
(40)		 14
(58)
Average low °C (°F) −2
(29)		 −1
(30)		 2
(36)		 4
(39)		 8
(47)		 12
(54)		 14
(57)		 13
(56)		 11
(51)		 7
(44)		 2
(36)		 −1
(31)		 6
(43)
Average precipitation mm (inches) 107.3
(4.224)		 99.1
(3.902)		 106.2
(4.181)		 78.8
(3.102)		 118.5
(4.665)		 103.9
(4.091)		 116.9
(4.602)		 103.1
(4.059)		 91.1
(3.587)		 109.1
(4.295)		 113.1
(4.453)		 122.1
(4.807)		 1,269.2
(49.968)
Average precipitation days 22 18 20 19 21 21 17 16 15 18 18 21 226
Source #1:
Source #2: [25]

Lord Mayors

  • 1907–1929: Reinhard Fieser
  • 1929–1934: Hermann Elfner
  • 1934–1945: Hans Schwedhelm (when he was not in office because of military service, mayor Kurt Bürkle was in office)
  • April 1945–May 1945: Ludwig Schmitt
  • May 1945–January 1946: Karl Beck
  • January 1946–September 1946: Eddy Schacht
  • 1946–1969: Ernst Schlapper (CDU) (1888-1976)
  • 1969–1990: Walter Carlein (CDU) (1922-2011)
  • 1990–1998: Ulrich Wendt (CDU)
  • 1998–2006: Sigrun Lang (independent)
  • 2006–2014: Wolfgang Gerstner (born 1955), (CDU)
  • 2014-2022: Margret Mergen (born 1961), (CDU)
  • 2022-present: Dietmar Späth (independent)

Tourism

Baden-Baden is a German spa town.[26] The city offers many options for sports enthusiasts;[14] golf and tennis are both popular in the area.[14] Horse races take place each May, August and October at nearby Iffezheim.[14] The countryside is ideal for hiking and mountain climbing.[14] In the winter Baden-Baden is a skiing destination.[14] There is an 18-hole golf course in Fremersberg.[27]

Sights include:

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Transport

Road

The main road link is autobahn A5 between Freiburg and Frankfurt, which is 10 km away from the city.

There are two stations providing intercity bus services: one next to the main railway station and one at the airport.[30]

Railway

Baden-Baden has three stations, Baden-Baden station being the most important of them.

Air

Karlsruhe/Baden-Baden Airport is an airport located in Baden-Baden that also serves the city of Karlsruhe. It is Baden-Württemberg's second-largest airport after Stuttgart Airport, and the 18th-largest in Germany with 1,110,500 passengers as of 2016[31] and mostly serves low-cost and leisure flights.

Image gallery

  • Old town (Altstadt)

  • Florentine Hill (Florentinerberg), with the New Castle (top right), the Caracalla Spa (lower right), and the Friedrichsbad (lower left)

  • Baden-Baden's parish church (Stiftskirche)

  • The Trinkhalle

  • Brenner's Park Hotel

  • The Russian Orthodox Church (Russische Kirche)

  • Baden-Baden-Stourdza-Kapelle-01-gje.jpg

    Sturdza Chapel

  • Baden-Baden-Roemerplatz-32-Friedrichsbad-Neues Schloss-Kloster vom Heiligen Grab-2022-gje.jpg

    The Friedrichsbad, New Castle, and Abbey School (Klosterschule vom Heiligen Grab)

  • The Spa Shell, an open-air concert venue

  • Museum Frieder Burda

  • Baden-Baden-Lichtentaler Allee-516-Spaziergaenger-2012-gje.jpg

    Lichtentaler Allee

  • Baden-Baden-Kunsthalle-22-Burdamuseum-Joan Miro-Femme 1970-2007-gje.jpg

    Staatliche Kunsthalle Baden-Baden

  • Baden-Baden-Faberge-Museum-04-2021-gje.jpg

    Fabergé Museum

  • Baden-Baden-Museum19-02-Baden in Schoenheit-2020-gje.jpg

    Museum der Kunst und Technik des 19. Jahrhunderts

  • Baden-Baden-Brahmshaus-40-Wohnzimmer-2017-gje.jpg

    Brahmshaus

  • Baden-Baden-Festspielhaus-Alter Bahnhof-72-Suedecke-gje.jpg

    Festspielhaus Baden-Baden

  • Baden-Baden-Merkurturm-20-2014-gje.jpg

    Mount Merkur, tower

  • Baden-Baden-vom Korbmattfelsen-54-Fremersberg-2021-gje.jpg

    Fremersberg Tower

  • The Old Castle

  • Baden-Baden-Kurhaus-27-2021-gje.jpg

    The Kurhaus and Casino

Twin towns – sister cities

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See also: List of twin towns and sister cities in Germany

Baden-Baden is twinned with:[32]

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Artistic depiction

Baden featured in Tolstoy's Anna Karenina (under an alias)[14] and Turgenev's Smoke. Dostoyevsky wrote The Gambler while compulsively gambling at the town's casino.[16][33]

The novel Summer in Baden-Baden by Leonid Tsypkin is inspired in Dostoyevsky's visit to this resort.

The 1975 film The Romantic Englishwoman was filmed on location in Baden-Baden, featuring the Brenner's Park Hotel particularly prominently. The 1997 Bollywood movie Dil To Pagal Hai was also shot in the town.[citation needed]

Baden-Baden is the subject of a pop song by Finnish songwriter Chisu of how the economic woes of Finland could be solved by selling bottled tears to Europe (specifically Baden-Baden).

Notable people

Emil Kessler
File:Francispigou.jpg
Francis Pigou
Sir William Des Vœux
File:Anna Zerr Kriehuber.jpg
Anna Zerr
File:Antoinette Bower.JPG
Antoinette Bower, 1961

Public service & commerce

The arts

Science

Sport

See also

References

  1. ↑ Oberbürgermeisterwahl Baden-Baden 2022, Staatsanzeiger.
  2. ↑ Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
  3. ↑ Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
  4. ↑ Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
  5. ↑ 5.0 5.1 5.2 5.3 5.4 5.5 5.6 5.7 EB (1878), p. 227.
  6. ↑ Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
  7. ↑ 7.0 7.1 Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
  8. ↑ Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
  9. ↑ Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
  10. ↑ 10.0 10.1 10.2 10.3 10.4 10.5 10.6 10.7 10.8 EB (1878), p. 226.
  11. ↑ 11.00 11.01 11.02 11.03 11.04 11.05 11.06 11.07 11.08 11.09 11.10 11.11 EB (2015).
  12. ↑ Map services of the Federal Agency for Nature Conservation
  13. ↑ Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
  14. ↑ 14.0 14.1 14.2 14.3 14.4 14.5 14.6 14.7 Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found..
  15. ↑ 15.0 15.1 15.2 15.3 EB (1911).
  16. ↑ 16.0 16.1 Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
  17. ↑ Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
  18. ↑ Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found., Format: PDF, KBytes: 2300
  19. ↑ Statistisches Jahrbuch deutscher Gemeinden, p. 378. Braunschweig 1952
  20. ↑ Catholic Parish of Saint Bonifatius: Wir über uns, p. 3. Baden-Baden 2002
  21. ↑ Dieter Baeuerle et al. Stadtführer Baden-Baden, p. 14. Baden-Baden 1994
  22. ↑ Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
  23. ↑ Climate Summary for Baden Baden
  24. ↑ Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found. Retrieved on July 6, 2013.
  25. ↑ Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
  26. ↑ Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
  27. ↑ Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
  28. ↑ Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
  29. ↑ Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
  30. ↑ Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
  31. ↑ Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
  32. ↑ Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
  33. ↑ Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
  34. ↑  Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.

Bibliography

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Further reading

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External links

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