Blue Jay Way

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Not to be confused with Blue Jays Way, a street in front of Rogers Centre, the home of the Toronto Blue Jays baseball team.
"Blue Jay Way"
Song

"Blue Jay Way" is a song by the English rock group the Beatles. Written by George Harrison, it was released in 1967 on the band's Magical Mystery Tour EP and album. The song was named after a street in the Hollywood Hills of Los Angeles where Harrison stayed in August 1967, shortly before visiting the Haight-Ashbury district of San Francisco. The lyrics document Harrison's wait for music publicist Derek Taylor to find his way to Blue Jay Way through the fog-ridden hills, while Harrison struggled to stay awake after the flight from London to Los Angeles.

As with several of Harrison's compositions from this period, "Blue Jay Way" incorporates aspects of Indian classical music, although the Beatles used only Western instrumentation on the track, including a drone-like Hammond organ part played by Harrison. Created during the group's psychedelic period, the track makes extensive use of studio techniques such as flanging, Leslie rotary effect, and reversed tape sounds. The song appeared in the Beatles' 1967 television film Magical Mystery Tour, in a sequence that visually re-creates the sense of haziness and dislocation evident on the recording.

While some reviewers have dismissed the song as monotonous, many others admire its yearning quality and dark musical mood. The website Consequence of Sound describes "Blue Jay Way" as "a haunted house of a hit, adding an ethereal, creepy mythos to the City of Angels".[1] Among its continued links with Los Angeles, the song was one of the first Beatles tracks that cult leader Charles Manson interpreted as an incentive for his followers to commit mass-murder in 1969. Artists who have covered the song include Bud Shank, Colin Newman, Tracy Bonham, Siouxsie and the Banshees and Greg Hawkes.

Background and inspiration

View of Los Angeles from Griffith Park, at the eastern end of the Hollywood Hills

George Harrison wrote "Blue Jay Way" after arriving in Los Angeles on 1 August 1967 with his wife Pattie Boyd[2] and Beatles aides Neil Aspinall and Alex Mardas.[3] The purpose of the trip was to spend a week with Derek Taylor,[4] the Beatles' former press officer and latterly the publicist for California-based acts such as the Byrds and the Beach Boys.[5] The visit also allowed Harrison to reunite with his sitar tutor, Ravi Shankar,[6] whose Kinnara School of Music[7] and upcoming concert at the Hollywood Bowl he helped publicise.[4][8]

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I told [Derek Taylor] on the phone that the house was in Blue Jay Way … There was a fog and it got later and later. To keep myself awake, just as a joke to fill in time, I wrote a song about waiting for him in Blue Jay Way. There was a little Hammond organ in the corner of this rented house … I messed around on this and the song came.[9]

– George Harrison to Hunter Davies, 1968

The title of the song came from a street named Blue Jay Way, one of the "bird streets" high in the Hollywood Hills West area overlooking the Sunset Strip,[10] where Harrison had rented a house for his stay.[11] Jet-lagged after the flight from London, he began writing the composition on a Hammond organ[12][13] as he and Boyd waited for Taylor and the latter's wife, Joan, to join them.[14] The home's location, on a hillside of narrow, winding roads, together with the foggy conditions that night, created the backdrop for the song's opening lines: "There's a fog upon L.A. / And my friends have lost their way."[15] Harrison had almost completed the song by the time the Taylors arrived,[16] around two hours later than planned.[17]

The week in California with Taylor proved to be important for the direction of the Beatles.[18] At the height of the Summer of Love and the popularity of the band's Sgt. Pepper's Lonely Hearts Club Band album,[19] Harrison, Taylor and their small entourage visited the international "hippie capital" of Haight-Ashbury, in San Francisco,[20] on 7 August.[21] Harrison had expected to encounter an enlightened community engaged in artistic pursuits[22][23] and working to create a viable alternative lifestyle;[24][25] instead, he was disappointed that Haight-Ashbury appeared to be populated by drug addicts, dropouts and "hypocrites".[26][27] Following his return to England two days later,[21] Harrison completed work on "Blue Jay Way" at his home in Esher.[12] He also shared his disillusionment about Haight-Ashbury with John Lennon,[25] soon after which the Beatles publicly denounced the popular hallucinogen LSD (or "acid") and other drugs[4] in favour of Transcendental Meditation under Maharishi Mahesh Yogi.[28][29] While noting Harrison's role in "inspir[ing] the West's mainstream acquaintance with Hindu religion" through his leadership in this aspect of the Beatles' career, author Ian MacDonald describes "Blue Jay Way" as a "farewell to psychedelia", just as "It's All Too Much", which the Beatles recorded in May 1967,[30] became Harrison's "farewell to acid".[31]

Composition

Music

"Blue Jay Way" was one of several songs that Harrison composed on a keyboard instrument over 1966–68 – a period when, aside from in his work with the Beatles, he had abandoned his first instrument, the guitar, to master the sitar,[32] partly under Shankar's tutelage.[33][34] The song is in 4/4 time throughout; its structure consists of an intro, three combinations of verse and chorus, followed by repeated choruses.[35] While MacDonald gives the musical key as "C major (minor, diminished)",[36] musicologist Alan Pollack views it as a mix of C major and C modal, and acknowledges the "highly unusual" incorporation of the notes D♯ and F♯.[35] The inclusion of the latter note suggests the Lydian mode,[37] which, according to musicologist Walter Everett, had only been heard previously in popular music in the Left Banke's "Pretty Ballerina", released in December 1966.[38]

A Hammond B3 organ, beside a Leslie speaker cabinet. Both the Hammond organ and sound treatment via a Leslie speaker feature significantly on the Beatles' recording.

The song's melody oscillates over the chords of C major and C diminished,[39][40] a chord favoured by Harrison in his Indian music-inspired compositions for the Beatles.[41] Acknowledging Harrison's statement that the tune is "slightly Indian",[14] Everett considers "Blue Jay Way" to be related to the ragas Kosalam and Multani.[42] According to author Simon Leng, however, Harrison based the song partly on Raga Marwa.[43][nb 1] Following the inclusion of a raga-style introduction (or alap) in his previous Indian compositions, "Love You To" and "Within You Without You",[45] "Blue Jay Way" begins with a preview of the song's melody played softly, in free time, over the opening drone.[35][nb 2] Author Ian Inglis credits the song's incorporation of ambient drone, specifically its role in providing "an anchorage point for vocal and instrumental improvisation", as one of the first examples of a musical device that soon became prevalent in the work of Fairport Convention, the Incredible String Band and other folk artists.[46]

The length of the verses falls short of an even eight bars through the omission of a final beat. Pollack recognises this detail as reflecting a sense of impatience, in keeping with the circumstances surrounding the song's creation.[35] Following the third verse–chorus combination, the outro comprises four rounds of the chorus, with the lyrics to the final round consisting of the repeated "Don't be long" refrain. As a feature that Pollack terms "compositionally impressive", each of the four sections in this outro varies in structure by being either shorter in length or less musically detailed.[35]

Lyrics

The lyrics to "Blue Jay Way" relate entirely to Harrison's situation on that first night in Los Angeles.[47] He refers to fighting off sleep and recalls his advice to Taylor to ask a policeman for directions to Blue Jay Way.[48] Author Jonathan Gould views the song as "darkly funny", with the singer's concern over his friends' tardiness almost resembling "a metaphysical crisis".[47] In the choruses, Harrison repeatedly urges "Please don't be long / Please don't you be very long",[49] a refrain that Inglis identifies as central to the composition's "extraordinary sense of yearning and melancholy".[18]

Taylor later expressed amusement at how some commentators interpreted "don't be long" as meaning "don't belong" – a message to Western youth to opt out of society – and at how the line "And my friends have lost their way" supposedly conveyed the idea that "a whole generation had lost direction".[16] With regard to whether Harrison was telling contemporary listeners not to "belong", Inglis writes, this "alternative reading" of the song aligned with Timothy Leary's catchphrase for the 1960s American psychedelic experience, "Turn on, tune in, drop out".[50][nb 3] In Gould's opinion, the continual repetition of the line at the end of "Blue Jay Way" transforms the words into "a plea for nonattachment – 'don't belong'".[47] Rather than attaching any countercultural significance to this, however, Gould views it as the Beatles repeating the wordplay first used in the chorus of Lennon's 1963 song "It Won't Be Long".[52]

Production

Recording

The Beatles began recording "Blue Jay Way" on 6 September 1967 at EMI's Abbey Road Studios in London.[53][54] The song was Harrison's contribution to the television film Magical Mystery Tour,[55][56] the first project undertaken by the band following the death of their manager, Brian Epstein.[57][58][nb 4] Author Nicholas Schaffner describes "Blue Jay Way" as the first Harrison-written Beatles recording on which he "adapt[ed] some of his Indian-derived ideas to a more Western setting", with Hammond organ, cello and drums serving the function of, respectively, tambura drone, sitar and tabla.[60]

The group achieved a satisfactory rhythm track in a single take.[54][56] On 7 September, this recording – comprising two organ parts, bass guitar and drums – was reduced to two tracks on the 4-track master tape, after which Harrison overdubbed his double-tracked lead vocal, and he, Lennon and Paul McCartney added backing vocals.[56] Among Beatles biographers, MacDonald credits Harrison as the sole organ player on the song,[39] while Kenneth Womack and John Winn write that Lennon played the second keyboard part.[56][61][nb 5] Recording was completed at Abbey Road on 6 October, with the addition of tambourine, played by Ringo Starr,[13] and cello.[62][63] The latter was performed by an unnamed session musician.[13] As with all the songs recorded for Magical Mystery Tour,[64] final mixing was carried out on 7 November.[42]

Studio effects

"Blue Jay Way" features extensive use of three studio techniques employed by the Beatles over 1966–67:[13][48] flanging, an audio delay effect;[65] sound-signal rotation via a Leslie speaker;[56] and (in the stereo mix only) reversed tapes.[42] Beatles historian Mark Lewisohn compares "Blue Jay Way" with two Lennon tracks from this period, "Strawberry Fields Forever" and "I Am the Walrus", in that the recording "seized upon all the studio trickery and technical advancements of 1966 and 1967 and captured them in one song".[54][nb 6] Together with the pedal drone supplied by the keyboard parts, the various sound treatments reinforce the sense of dislocation evident in the song.[39]

In the case of the reversed-tape technique, a recording of the completed track was played backwards and faded in at key points during the performance.[66] This effect created a response to Harrison's lead vocal over the verses, as the backing vocals appear to answer each line he sings.[42] Due to the limits of multitracking, the process of feeding in reversed sounds was carried out live during the final mixing session.[66] Described by Lewisohn as "quite problematical",[64] the process was not repeated when the Beatles and their production team worked on the mono mix.[66]

Appearance in Magical Mystery Tour film

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The movie only really comes to life when everything stops for a Beatles tune ... "Blue Jay Way" might be the most dated, as we see George Harrison sitting in a blue[-lit] room as five similar images swirl around him.[67]

– Film critic Collin Souter, 2003

The song's segment in Magical Mystery Tour was shot mainly at RAF West Malling, an air force base near Maidstone in Kent,[68] during the week beginning on 19 September.[56][nb 7] Described by Womack as "the movie's hazy, psychedelic sequence",[70] it features Harrison sitting on a pavement and playing a chalk-drawn keyboard.[71] Dressed in a red suit,[16] he is shown busking on a roadside; next to his keyboard are a white plastic cup and a message written in chalk, reading: "2 wives and kid to support".[72] The depiction of Harrison, seated in the lotus position and seemingly zoned out, matched his public image as the most committed of the Beatles to Transcendental Meditation and Eastern philosophy.[73]

Harrison performing in the "Blue Jay Way" film sequence

The filming took place in an aircraft hangar, with the scene designed to re-create a typically smog-ridden Los Angeles.[74] Music journalist Kit O'Toole writes that the smoke surrounding Harrison "almost engulf[s] him, mimicking the 'fog' described in the lyrics".[48] Through the use of prismatic photography,[16] the "Blue Jay Way" segment also shows Harrison's "image refracted as if seen through a fly's eye", according to author Alan Clayson, who describes the scene as mirroring "the requisite misty atmosphere" suggested by the recording.[73][nb 8] In its preview of Magical Mystery Tour in 1967, the NME highlighted the segment as one of the film's "extremely clever" musical sequences, saying: "For 'Blue Jay Way' George is seen sitting cross-legged in a sweating mist which materialises into a variety of shapes and patterns. It's a pity that most TV viewers will be able to see it only in black and white."[76]

At other times during the sequence, the four Beatles alternate in the role of a solo cellist.[70] These scenes were filmed on 3 November, on the rockery[74] at Sunny Heights, Starr's house in Weybridge, Surrey.[77] Tony Barrow, the production manager for Magical Mystery Tour, recalls that, as "a colourful conclusion" to the segment, they set off fireworks that had been bought for the upcoming Guy Fawkes Night celebrations.[74] The version of "Blue Jay Way" appearing in the 2012 DVD release of Magical Mystery Tour is an alternative edit and includes some previously unused footage.[78] O'Toole admires the "Blue Jay Way" sequence as "one of the film's too-few bright spots" and "a perfect representation of the track's hallucinatory qualities".[48]

Release and reception

"Blue Jay Way" was issued in Britain as the final song on the Magical Mystery Tour double EP on 8 December 1967.[79][80] In America, where Capitol Records had combined the six EP tracks with five songs issued on the band's singles throughout the year, creating a full album,[81][82] the release took place on 27 November.[83]

Reviewing the EP for the NME, Nick Logan considered it to be "Sergeant Pepper and beyond, heading for marvellous places", during which "we cruise down 'Blue Jay Way' with [Harrison] almost chanting the chorus line. A church organ starts this one off and leads us into a whirlpool of sound ..."[84][85] Among reviews of the US release, Saturday Review admired the album as a "description of the Beatles' acquired Hindu philosophy and its subsequent application to everyday life",[86] while Robert Christgau wrote in Esquire that, despite three of the new songs being "disappointing", Magical Mystery Tour was "worth buying ... especially for Harrison's hypnotic 'Blue Jay Way'". Christgau described the track as "an adaptation of Oriental modes in which everything works, lyrics included".[87]

In a combined review of concurrent releases such as Magical Mystery Tour, the Rolling Stones' Their Satanic Majesties Request and Cream's Disraeli Gears, Hit Parader praised the Beatles for further "widening the gap between them and 80 scillion other groups". The reviewer added: "The master magicians practice their alchemy on Harrison's 'Blue Jay Way', recorded perhaps in an Egyptian tomb, and 'I Am The Walrus', a piece of terror lurking in foggy midnight moors. These two songs accomplish what the Stones attempted."[88]

Retrospective assessment

A critic of the Beatles' output immediately post-Sgt. Pepper,[89] Ian MacDonald found "Blue Jay Way" "as unfocused and monotonous as most of the group's output of this period", adding that the song "numbingly fails to transcend the weary boredom that inspired it".[39] Writing for Rolling Stone in 2002, Greg Kot considered it to be "one of [Harrison's] least-memorable Beatles tracks … a song essentially about boredom – and it sounds like it".[90] Similarly unimpressed with Magical Mystery Tour, Tim Riley describes "Blue Jay Way" as a song that "goes nowhere tiresomely", with a vocal that "sounds as tired and droning" as the musical accompaniment.[91]

Ian Inglis writes that the emotion Harrison conveys on the track "belies its apparently trivial lyrics" and that, together with the instrumentation and backing vocals, his pleas "create an unusually atmospheric and strangely moving song".[18] Writing for Rough Guides, Chris Ingham deems the song to be "essential Beatlemusic" and views it as Harrison's "most haunting and convincing musical contribution of the period", after "Within You Without You", as well as "possibly the most unnerving of all Beatles tracks".[92] In a 2002 review for Mojo, Charles Shaar Murray described the song as "eerie, serpentine" and "a fine and worthy companion for Pepper's Within You Without You".[93] Writing in Uncut that same year, Carol Clerk called it "a weirdly atmospheric triumph".[94]

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What could have been a simple, maudlin ditty was transformed by The Beatles' studio process into an exotic, almost mystical journey. Harrison's vocal was treated until it sounded as if it was coming from beyond the grave ... Backwards tapes, droning organs, and a cello combined to heighten the Eastern atmosphere – without a single Indian instrument being employed.[95]

– Peter Doggett, 2001

In his 1997 book Indian Music and the West, Gerry Farrell refers to the song when discussing its author's contribution to popularising Indian classical music,[96] writing: "It is a mark of Harrison's sincere involvement with Indian music that, nearly thirty years on, the Beatles' 'Indian' songs remain among the most imaginative and successful examples of this type of fusion – for example, 'Blue Jay Way' and 'The Inner Light.'"[97] Simon Leng writes of the song: "Harrison was working at a sophisticated level of extrapolating Indian scales to the Western setting, something no one else had done … 'Blue Jay Way' explores the structures of Indian music just as 'Within You Without You' debates its philosophical roots."[40] In her song review for the music website Something Else!, Kit O'Toole describes "Blue Jay Way" as one of its composer's "most eccentric and abstract compositions" and "the perfect snapshot of the Beatles' most unusually creative artistic phase".[48] Former Record Collector editor Peter Doggett, writing in Barry Miles' The Beatles Diary, similarly admires the recording, saying that the Beatles rendered the song "an exotic, almost mystical journey" that evokes a mysterious Eastern mood "without a single Indian instrument being employed".[95]

In his 2009 review for Consequence of Sound, Dan Caffrey highlights the track among the "stellar moments in the album's first half" and considers it to be "George Harrison's most underrated song". Caffrey adds: "For a piece inspired by the simple act of waiting for a friend to arrive at his Los Angeles home on a foggy night, 'Blue Jay Way' is a haunted house of a hit, adding an ethereal, creepy mythos to the City of Angels."[1] Writing for The A.V. Club, Chuck Klosterman describes the song as being among "the trippiest ... material [the Beatles] ever made",[98] while Mark Kemp of Paste views it as "wonderfully wobbly".[99] Scott Plagenhoef of Pitchfork Media includes "Blue Jay Way" among the EP's four "low-key marvels", about which he opines: "Few of them are anyone's all-time favorite Beatles songs ... yet this run seems to achieve a majesty in part because of that: It's a rare stretch of amazing Beatles music that can seem like a private obsession rather than a permanent part of our shared culture."[100]

Cover versions and cultural references

Lord Sitar included "Blue Jay Way" on his 1968 album of Indian music-style recordings, titled Lord Sitar.[101][102] The artist credit was a pseudonym for London session guitarist Big Jim Sullivan,[103] although rumours circulated that Lord Sitar was in fact Harrison himself,[104] partly as a result of EMI/Capitol's refusal to deny the claim.[105][nb 9] Also in 1968, jazz saxophonist and flautist Bud Shank, another associate of Ravi Shankar,[109][110] recorded the song for his album Magical Mystery.[111]

"Blue Jay Way" was a rare Beatles song released before their 1968 self-titled double album that Charles Manson adopted as part of his theory of an impending social revolution in the United States,[112][113] a scenario that led to his followers carrying out a series of murders in Los Angeles during the summer of 1969.[114] Finding parallels between the Beatles' lyrics and the Book of Revelation, and believing himself to be the messiah,[115] Manson interpreted Harrison's opening verse and chorus as the Beatles calling out to Jesus Christ.[116]

Colin Newman (pictured in 2011) covered the song on his 1982 album Not To.

Colin Newman, singer and guitarist with the post-punk band Wire,[117] included a cover of "Blue Jay Way" on his 1982 solo album Not To.[118] In March 2015, the song was also his selection for the NME's "100 Greatest Beatles Songs" poll. Newman cited the track as an example of how the Beatles were "properly serious about their art" and why they now "need to be rescued from the clammy clutches of the heritage industry".[119]

Borbetomagus released a live recording of the song on their 1992 album Buncha Hair That Long, a version that Trouser Press later said "could easily reunite the Beatles for good if it were played in the presence of the surviving trio".[120] On their 2003 live album Seven Year Itch, Siouxsie and the Banshees included a reading that, according to The Guardian's reviewer, "transformed [the song] into an apocalyptic howl".[121] Other artists who have covered "Blue Jay Way" include Tracy Bonham, on her 2007 album In the City + In the Woods,[122] and the Secret Machines, whose version appears in the Julie Taymor-directed film Across the Universe (2007).[70] Former Cars keyboardist Greg Hawkes recorded a ukulele rendition for his 2008 solo album The Beatles Uke.[123]

Downtown Los Angeles (viewed from the Hollywood Hills) – the city has continued to be associated with the Beatles' song.

Harrison's experience when writing "Blue Jay Way" is referenced in the Jonathan Kellerman novel Obsession (2007), as the lead character, Alex Delaware, waits among the "bird streets" overlooking Sunset Strip.[124] The US hip hop group Death Grips quote from the song's lyrics in their 2012 track "Double Helix", released on The Money Store,[125] an album that Clash magazine described as sounding like "the burning skies of LA's decaying empire".[126]

In a 2011 interview with Rock's Backpages, music producer and radio host Kim Fowley identified "Blue Jay Way" as the first song in which a member of the Beatles wrote about America and cited it as evidence of Harrison's standing as "the most American of all the Beatles" during the 1960s. Fowley highlighted this connection – including Harrison's friendships with David Crosby of the Byrds and other California-based musicians, such as Leon Russell – as the foundation for rock music's first all-star charity concert, the Concert for Bangladesh, which Harrison staged in New York in August 1971.[127][nb 10]

Due to the attention created by the Beatles' song, the street signs for Blue Jay Way have long been collector's items for fans visiting the Hollywood Hills.[11][129] In May 2015, a lane in the Heavitree area of Exeter, in the English county of Devon, was named Blue Jay Way after the song.[130] In addition to much of the filming for Magical Mystery Tour having taken place at various locations in the West Country,[131][132] the title commemorates the Beatles' three concert appearances at Exeter's ABC Cinema over 1963–64.[133]

Personnel

According to Ian MacDonald:[39]

Notes

  1. ↑ Leng quotes John Barham, with whom Harrison began collaborating on the soundtrack album to the film Wonderwall in late 1967, as saying that Harrison acknowledged Barham's piano adaptation of Raga Marwa as his influence.[44]
  2. ↑ On the released recording, the Lydian-mode sharp 4th note (F♯) is first presented in the cello's brief appearance during this introduction (at 0:19). The same note then becomes a melodic feature as Harrison sings "Or I may be asleep", at the end of the choruses, and in the backing vocals on "Don't be long".[37]
  3. ↑ Despite the Beatles' public rejection of LSD before the song's release, Kris DiLorenzo of Trouser Press later described "Blue Jay Way" as "the archetypal acid song".[51]
  4. ↑ Harrison was also credited as co-writer of the group composition "Flying", however.[59]
  5. ↑ In Womack's description, Harrison and Lennon performed "a psychedelic duet of dueling Hammond organs".[2]
  6. ↑ Lewisohn adds that, like the two Lennon-written tracks, the song "makes fascinating listening for anyone interested in what could be achieved in a 1967 recording studio".[54] According to authors Jean-Michel Guesdon and Philippe Margotin, "'Blue Jay Way' was the only Beatles song to use practically all the effects available at that time."[13]
  7. ↑ With recording on the song incomplete at this point, Harrison mimed to a mix created at Abbey Road on 16 September.[56][69]
  8. ↑ In Gould's description, the effect "yields prismatic projections of George yogically floating on air".[75]
  9. ↑ Dee Long of the Canadian band Klaatu covered "Blue Jay Way" on the 2004 tribute album It Was 40 Years Ago Today: Tribute to the Beatles.[106] In 1977, seven years after the Beatles' break-up, Capitol had similarly exploited rumours that Klaatu was the four ex-Beatles recording under a new name.[107][108]
  10. ↑ According to former Guardian music critic Geoffrey Cannon, Harrison performed "Blue Jay Way" with Crosby, Stills & Nash in their London flat in the late 1960s, shortly before the trio's official formation.[128]

References

  1. ↑ 1.0 1.1 Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
  2. ↑ 2.0 2.1 Womack 2014, p. 156.
  3. ↑ Miles 2001, pp. 274, 286.
  4. ↑ 4.0 4.1 4.2 Winn 2009, p. 79.
  5. ↑ Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
  6. ↑ Shankar 1999, pp. 206, 323.
  7. ↑ Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found. Available at Rock's Backpages (subscription required).
  8. ↑ Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
  9. ↑ Davies 2009, pp. 321, 323.
  10. ↑ Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
  11. ↑ 11.0 11.1 Turner 1999, p. 144.
  12. ↑ 12.0 12.1 Davies 2009, p. 323.
  13. ↑ 13.0 13.1 13.2 13.3 13.4 Guesdon & Margotin 2013, p. 436.
  14. ↑ 14.0 14.1 Harrison 2002, p. 114.
  15. ↑ Turner 1999, pp. 144–45.
  16. ↑ 16.0 16.1 16.2 16.3 Turner 1999, p. 145.
  17. ↑ Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
  18. ↑ 18.0 18.1 18.2 Inglis 2010, p. 9.
  19. ↑ Schaffner 1978, pp. 84, 86.
  20. ↑ Clayson 2003, pp. 217–18.
  21. ↑ 21.0 21.1 Miles 2001, p. 274.
  22. ↑ Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
  23. ↑ Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
  24. ↑ The Beatles 2000, p. 259.
  25. ↑ 25.0 25.1 Tillery 2011, p. 54.
  26. ↑ The Editors of Rolling Stone 2002, p. 37.
  27. ↑ Greene 2006, pp. 83, 128.
  28. ↑ Schaffner 1978, pp. 86–87.
  29. ↑ Miles 2001, pp. 275–76.
  30. ↑ MacDonald 1998, p. 228.
  31. ↑ Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
  32. ↑ Leng 2006, pp. 30, 32, 50.
  33. ↑ Lavezzoli 2006, pp. 180, 184–85.
  34. ↑ Shea & Rodriguez 2007, pp. 157–58.
  35. ↑ 35.0 35.1 35.2 35.3 35.4 Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
  36. ↑ MacDonald 1998, p. 448.
  37. ↑ 37.0 37.1 Pedler 2003, p. 268.
  38. ↑ Everett 1999, p. 340.
  39. ↑ 39.0 39.1 39.2 39.3 39.4 MacDonald 1998, p. 236.
  40. ↑ 40.0 40.1 Leng 2006, p. 33.
  41. ↑ Ingham 2006, p. 294.
  42. ↑ 42.0 42.1 42.2 42.3 Everett 1999, p. 141.
  43. ↑ Leng 2006, pp. 32–33.
  44. ↑ Leng 2006, pp. 26–27.
  45. ↑ Lavezzoli 2006, pp. 175, 178.
  46. ↑ Inglis 2010, pp. 9–10.
  47. ↑ 47.0 47.1 47.2 Gould 2007, p. 454.
  48. ↑ 48.0 48.1 48.2 48.3 48.4 Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
  49. ↑ Harrison 2002, p. 116.
  50. ↑ Inglis 2010, p. 10.
  51. ↑ Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found. Available at Rock's Backpages (subscription required).
  52. ↑ Gould 2007, pp. 188, 454.
  53. ↑ Miles 2001, p. 278.
  54. ↑ 54.0 54.1 54.2 54.3 Lewisohn 2005, p. 123.
  55. ↑ Davies 2009, p. 321.
  56. ↑ 56.0 56.1 56.2 56.3 56.4 56.5 56.6 Winn 2009, p. 122.
  57. ↑ MacDonald 1998, pp. 232–33.
  58. ↑ Ingham 2006, p. 44.
  59. ↑ Everett 1999, p. 142.
  60. ↑ Schaffner 1978, p. 91.
  61. ↑ Womack 2014, pp. 156, 157.
  62. ↑ Lewisohn 2005, p. 128.
  63. ↑ Winn 2009, p. 131.
  64. ↑ 64.0 64.1 Lewisohn 2005, p. 130.
  65. ↑ Womack 2014, pp. 156–57.
  66. ↑ 66.0 66.1 66.2 Guesdon & Margotin 2013, p. 437.
  67. ↑ Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
  68. ↑ Lewisohn 1992, p. 270.
  69. ↑ Lewisohn 2005, p. 126.
  70. ↑ 70.0 70.1 70.2 Womack 2014, p. 157.
  71. ↑ Everett 1999, p. 132.
  72. ↑ Woffinden 1981, p. 105.
  73. ↑ 73.0 73.1 Clayson 2003, p. 230.
  74. ↑ 74.0 74.1 74.2 Barrow 1999.
  75. ↑ Gould 2007, p. 456.
  76. ↑ Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
  77. ↑ Miles 2001, p. 282.
  78. ↑ Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
  79. ↑ Castleman & Podrazik 1976, p. 64.
  80. ↑ Riley 2002, pp. xix, 240.
  81. ↑ Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
  82. ↑ Miles 2001, pp. 285–86.
  83. ↑ Castleman & Podrazik 1976, p. 63.
  84. ↑ Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
  85. ↑ Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
  86. ↑ Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found. Available at Rock's Backpages (subscription required).
  87. ↑ Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
  88. ↑ Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found. Available at Rock's Backpages (subscription required).
  89. ↑ Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
  90. ↑ The Editors of Rolling Stone 2002, p. 185.
  91. ↑ Riley 2002, pp. 236–37, 240.
  92. ↑ Ingham 2006, p. 48.
  93. ↑ Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
  94. ↑ Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
  95. ↑ 95.0 95.1 Miles 2001, pp. xv, 286.
  96. ↑ Leng 2006, p. 316.
  97. ↑ Farrell 1997, p. 188.
  98. ↑ Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
  99. ↑ Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
  100. ↑ Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
  101. ↑ Castleman & Podrazik 1976, p. 287.
  102. ↑ Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
  103. ↑ Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
  104. ↑ Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
  105. ↑ Clayson 2003, pp. 209–10.
  106. ↑ Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
  107. ↑ Schaffner 1978, pp. 189–90.
  108. ↑ Ingham 2006, pp. 292–93.
  109. ↑ Lavezzoli 2006, p. 61.
  110. ↑ Shankar 1999, pp. 167, 235.
  111. ↑ Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
  112. ↑ Bugliosi & Gentry 1994, pp. 322–23.
  113. ↑ Sanders 2002, p. 27.
  114. ↑ MacDonald 1998, pp. 254, 262fn.
  115. ↑ Schaffner 1978, pp. 115–16.
  116. ↑ Bugliosi & Gentry 1994, p. 323.
  117. ↑ Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
  118. ↑ Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
  119. ↑ Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
  120. ↑ Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
  121. ↑ Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
  122. ↑ Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
  123. ↑ Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
  124. ↑ Kellerman 2008, pp. 230–31.
  125. ↑ Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
  126. ↑ Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
  127. ↑ Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
  128. ↑ Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
  129. ↑ Shea & Rodriguez 2007, p. 18.
  130. ↑ Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
  131. ↑ Miles 2001, pp. 278–79.
  132. ↑ MacDonald 1998, p. 394.
  133. ↑ Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.

Sources

  • Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found. No page numbers appear.
  • Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
  • Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
  • Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
  • Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
  • Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
  • Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
  • Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
  • Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
  • Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
  • Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
  • Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
  • Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
  • Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
  • Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
  • Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
  • Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
  • Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
  • Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
  • Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
  • Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
  • Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
  • Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
  • Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
  • Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
  • Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
  • Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
  • Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
  • Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
  • Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
  • Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
  • Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
  • Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.

External links

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