Chief of the Defence Staff (France)

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Chief of the Defence Staff
Chef d'état-major des armées  (French)
120px
Insignia
Marque CEMA.svg
Ministry of the Armed Forces
Type
Abbreviation C.E.M.A.
Member of Chiefs of Staff Committee
Reports to Minister of the Armed Forces
Seat Hexagone Balard, Paris
Appointer President of the Republic
requires the Prime Minister's countersignature
Constituting instrument
Formation 28 April 1948; 76 years ago (28 April 1948)[2]
First holder Charles Léchères (fr)
Deputy Major General of the Defence Staff
Website Official website

The Chief of the Defence Staff (Script error: The function "langx" does not exist., CEMA; lit. Chief of Staff of the Armies) is the military head of the Armed Forces of the French Republic, overseeing all military operations (under reserve of the particular dispositions relative to nuclear deterrence). They are responsible to the Minister of the Armed Forces and their deputy is the Major General of the Defence Staff. Since the 1950s, the office has been held only by four-star generals (OF–9), either from the Army, the Navy, or the Air and Space Force. The current Chief is General Thierry Burkhard, who took the position on 22 July 2021.

History

Commander-in-Chief of the Armies

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While non-official, the term Generalissimo or « (Script error: The function "langx" does not exist.) » was employed since 1914 to designate the individual who in reality was Commander-in-Chief of the armies of the North and North-East « (Script error: The function "langx" does not exist.) ». The term would be made official in 1915 when Joffre was also given command over the Salonika front (a degree of authority not enjoyed by his successors). The rank and post was successively occupied by three generals during World War I: Joseph Joffre, who occupied the rank and functions from August 1914 without bearing the official title, then Robert Nivelle and Philippe Pétain.

Général Ferdinand Foch was the Assistant Commander-in-Chief of the Northern Zone under Joseph Joffre in autumn 1914; this role later crystallised into command of French Army Group North, a position which Foch held until December 1916. Subsequently, Foch became Supreme Allied Commander on the Western Front with the title Généralissime in 1918 then was designated as « Commandant en Chef des Armées Alliées » (English:Commander-in-Chief of Allied Forces) starting 14 May 1918.[3] Foch was promoted to Marshal of France prior the planning of the offensive that led to the Armistice of 11 November 1918. Following the armistice, Marshal Ferdinand Foch was elevated to the dignity of the Marshal of Great Britain and Poland.

Chief of Staff of National Defence

Toward the end of the Second World War, Charles de Gaulle who was Commander-in-Chief of the Free French Forces was assisted by a Staff of National Defence. It was headed by a Chief of Staff who had authority over all armed forces. This was the first time that a joint staff of the French armed forces was created.[4]

However the Chiefs of the Army, of the Navy and of the Air Force were opposed to this office after the war as they fear they would lose their independence of action.[4] This opposition was eventually hushed up and the position of Chief of Staff of the Armies (under various other names until 1962) was created on 28 April 1948.[2]

Functions

Responsibilities

The CEMA assists the Minister of the Armed Forces in its capacity attributions to make use of the various required forces and their general organisation. They are consulted on direction to be given to planning and programming work and may be charged by the Minister with any study concerning the armies. The Chief of Staff is responsible for coordinating the requirements of the forces in support of joint services. The CEMA, in virtue of decree dispositions of 15 July 2009, under the authority of the President of the French Republic, the French government, and under the reserve of the particular dispositions relative to nuclear deterrence, is responsible for the use of forces and commandment of all military operations. The CEMA is the military counselor of the government.

They bring together the proposals of the Delegate General of Armaments (DGA), the Chiefs of Staff of each army, and the directors of joint services in the areas of planning and programming. After consulting the DGA on technical and industrial possibilities, they shall report to the Minister on all the work and shall propose to them the measures necessary to ensure their consistency with regard to employment and their accounting with the foreseeable financial resources, as assessed by the Secretary General for Administration (SGA), and present a draft decision.

Their responsibilities consist of:

  • The conduct of operations : plans of use, general articulation of forces, distribution of operational means between theatre commanders (over whom he has full authority)
  • The joint service organizations and the general organization of the armed forces: oversees the coherence of the armed forces organisation
  • The expression of the need in material of human resources of the armed forces, the joint institutions, and the definition of the ensemble format of the armed forces. Planning and programming of military capacities. Oversees in effect of coherence in means of the armed forces and participates to the preparation and various executions of associated military and defence budgets.
  • The preparation and condition assignments of recruiting in the armed forces: is in check of forces aptitude in missions completion and has a permanent right of inspection over these forces.
  • Support of the armed forces: determines the general organizations and objectives, assures the operational maintenance in condition of all equipments and determines the joint needs of various material infrastructures and that of the armed forces while verifying status of operability
  • The intelligence assessment of military interest: ensures the general research direction and exploitation of the military intelligence
  • International military relations: directs French foreign military missions in foreign theatres, organizes the participation of the armed forces in regards to military cooperations, following international mandated negotiations and represents France at the various military committees of international organizations.
File:Ilot Saint-Germain 1877.jpg
The headquarters of the Staff of the Armies between 1890 and 2015.

Authority

The Chief of Staff of the Armies has authority over the:

These four Chiefs constitute the Chiefs of Staff Committee, chaired by the Minister. The CEMA is assisted by a Major General of the Defence Staff, a senior ranked officer of the French Armed Forces, who will deputize if needed.

Additionally, directly under the CEMA authority are:

Name of the office

The office took various names during its history:

  • President of the Committee of the Chiefs of the General Staffs of the Armed Forces (1948–1950)
  • President of the Committee of the Chiefs of the Combined Staff of the Armed Forces (1950–1953)[5]
  • Chief of the General Staff of the Armed Forces (1953–1958)
  • Chief of the General Staff of the Armies (1958–1961)
  • Chief of the Joint Staff (1961–1962)
  • Chief of Staff of the Armies (1962 – )

List of chiefs

Provisional Government

No. Portrait Rank & Name Term Branch Minister Commander-in-Chief Ref.[lower-alpha 1]
Took office Left office Duration
[lower-alpha 2] 100px Army general
Antoine Béthouart
31 October 1943 13 August 1944 Lua error in Module:Age at line 846: attempt to call method 'subtract' (a nil value).
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Army
André Diethelm Charles de Gaulle -
[6]
[lower-alpha 2] 80px Army general
Alphonse Juin
13 August 1944 15 May 1947 Lua error in Module:Age at line 846: attempt to call method 'subtract' (a nil value).
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Army
André Diethelm
Edmond Michelet
[7]
-
Félix Gouin
Georges Bidault
Vincent Auriol

Fourth Republic

No. Portrait Rank & Name Term Branch Minister Commander-in-Chief Ref.[lower-alpha 1]
Took office Left office Duration
Office established
1 80px Air corps general
Charles Léchères
29 April 1948 25 January 1951 Lua error in Module:Age at line 846: attempt to call method 'subtract' (a nil value). Logo of the French Air Force (Armee de l'Air).svg
Air Force
Pierre-Henri Teitgen
René Mayer
[...]
Georges Bidault
René Pleven
Vincent Auriol [8]
-
2 80px Army general
Alphonse Juin
25 January 1951 19 August 1953 Lua error in Module:Age at line 846: attempt to call method 'subtract' (a nil value).
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Army
René Pleven [9]
-
3 80px Army general
Paul Ély
19 August 1953 4 June 1954 Lua error in Module:Age at line 846: attempt to call method 'subtract' (a nil value).
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Army
René Pleven
Marie-Pierre Kœnig
[10]
[11]
René Coty
4 80px Army general
Augustin Guillaume
4 June 1954 2 March 1956 Lua error in Module:Age at line 846: attempt to call method 'subtract' (a nil value).
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Army
Marie-Pierre Kœnig
Emmanuel Temple
[...]
Pierre Billotte
Maurice Bourgès-Maunoury
[12]
-
5 80px Army general
Paul Ély
2 March 1956 18 May 1958 Lua error in Module:Age at line 846: attempt to call method 'subtract' (a nil value).
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Army
Maurice Bourgès-Maunoury
André Morice
Jacques Chaban-Delmas
Pierre de Chevigné
[13]
-
6 80px Army general
Henri Lorillot
18 May 1958 10 June 1958 Lua error in Module:Age at line 846: attempt to call method 'subtract' (a nil value).
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Army
Pierre de Chevigné
Charles de Gaulle
[14]
-

Fifth Republic

No. Portrait Rank & Name Term Branch Minister Commander-in-Chief Ref.[lower-alpha 1]
Took office Left office Duration
7 80px Army general
Paul Ély
10 June 1958 26 February 1959 Lua error in Module:Age at line 846: attempt to call method 'subtract' (a nil value).
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Army
Charles de Gaulle
Pierre Guillaumat
René Coty [15]
-
Charles de Gaulle
8 80px Army general
Gaston Lavaud
26 February 1959 12 April 1961 Lua error in Module:Age at line 846: attempt to call method 'subtract' (a nil value).
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Army
Pierre Guillaumat
Pierre Messmer
[16]
-
9 80px Air army general
André Martin
12 April 1961 19 July 1962 Lua error in Module:Age at line 846: attempt to call method 'subtract' (a nil value). Logo of the French Air Force (Armee de l'Air).svg
Air Force
Pierre Messmer [17]
-
10 80px Army general
Charles Ailleret
19 July 1962 30 March 1968 Lua error in Module:Age at line 846: attempt to call method 'subtract' (a nil value).
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Army
Pierre Messmer [18]
-
11 80px Air army general
Michel Fourquet
30 March 1968 9 June 1971 Lua error in Module:Age at line 846: attempt to call method 'subtract' (a nil value). Logo of the French Air Force (Armee de l'Air).svg
Air Force
Pierre Messmer
Michel Debré
[19]
-
Georges Pompidou
12 80px Air army general
François Maurin
9 June 1971 1 July 1975 Lua error in Module:Age at line 846: attempt to call method 'subtract' (a nil value). Logo of the French Air Force (Armee de l'Air).svg
Air Force
Michel Debré
Robert Galley
Jacques Soufflet
Yvon Bourges
[20]
-
Valéry Giscard d'Estaing
13 80px Army general
Guy Méry
1 July 1975 20 July 1980 Lua error in Module:Age at line 846: attempt to call method 'subtract' (a nil value).
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Army
Yvon Bourges [21]
-
14 80px Army general
Claude Vanbremeersch
20 July 1980 1 February 1981 Lua error in Module:Age at line 846: attempt to call method 'subtract' (a nil value).
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Army
Yvon Bourges
Joël Le Theule
Robert Galley
[22]
[23]
15 80px Army general
Jeannou Lacaze
1 February 1981 1 August 1985 Lua error in Module:Age at line 846: attempt to call method 'subtract' (a nil value).
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Army
Robert Galley
Charles Hernu
[24]
[25]
François Mitterrand
16 80px Air army general
Jean Saulnier
1 August 1985 16 November 1987 Lua error in Module:Age at line 846: attempt to call method 'subtract' (a nil value). Logo of the French Air Force (Armee de l'Air).svg
Air Force
Charles Hernu
Paul Quilès
André Giraud
[26]
[27]
17 80px Army general
Maurice Schmitt
16 November 1987 24 April 1991 Lua error in Module:Age at line 846: attempt to call method 'subtract' (a nil value).
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Army
André Giraud
Jean-Pierre Chevènement
Pierre Joxe
[28]
[29]
18 80px Admiral
Jacques Lanxade
24 April 1991 9 September 1995 Lua error in Module:Age at line 846: attempt to call method 'subtract' (a nil value). Logo of the French Navy (Marine Nationale).svg
Navy
Pierre Joxe
François Léotard
Charles Millon
[30]
[31]
Jacques Chirac
19 80px Air army general
Jean-Philippe Douin
9 September 1995 9 April 1998 Lua error in Module:Age at line 846: attempt to call method 'subtract' (a nil value). Logo of the French Air Force (Armee de l'Air).svg
Air Force
Charles Millon
Alain Richard
[32]
[33]
20 80px Army general
Jean-Pierre Kelche
9 April 1998 30 October 2002 Lua error in Module:Age at line 846: attempt to call method 'subtract' (a nil value).
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Army
Alain Richard
Michèle Alliot-Marie
[34]
[35]
21 80px Army general
Henri Bentégeat
30 October 2002 4 October 2006 Lua error in Module:Age at line 846: attempt to call method 'subtract' (a nil value).
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Army
Michèle Alliot-Marie [36]
[37]
22 80px Army general
Jean-Louis Georgelin
4 October 2006 25 February 2010 Lua error in Module:Age at line 846: attempt to call method 'subtract' (a nil value).
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Army
Michèle Alliot-Marie
Hervé Morin
[38]
[39]
Nicolas Sarkozy
23 Amiral Edouard Guillaud 2012 (cut off).jpg Admiral
Édouard Guillaud
25 February 2010 15 February 2014 Lua error in Module:Age at line 846: attempt to call method 'subtract' (a nil value). Logo of the French Navy (Marine Nationale).svg
Navy
Hervé Morin
Alain Juppé
Gérard Longuet
Jean-Yves Le Drian
[40]
[41]
Nicolas Sarkozy
François Hollande
24 Pierre de Villiers par Claude Truong-Ngoc septembre 2015.jpg Army general
Pierre de Villiers
15 February 2014 20 July 2017 Lua error in Module:Age at line 846: attempt to call method 'subtract' (a nil value).
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Army
Jean-Yves Le Drian
Sylvie Goulard
Florence Parly
[42]
[43]
François Hollande
Emmanuel Macron
25 80px Army general
François Lecointre
20 July 2017 22 July 2021 Lua error in Module:Age at line 846: attempt to call method 'subtract' (a nil value).
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Army
Florence Parly [44]
[45]
Emmanuel Macron
26 80px Army general
Thierry Burkhard
22 July 2021 Incumbent Lua error in Module:Age at line 846: attempt to call method 'subtract' (a nil value).
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Army
Florence Parly [46]
[47]

See also

Notes

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References

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External links

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