Hangzhou dialect
Hangzhounese | |
---|---|
杭州話 | |
Pronunciation | [hantseiwu] |
Native to | People's Republic of China |
Region | Hangzhou, Zhejiang, China |
Native speakers
|
unknown (1.2 million cited 1987)[1] |
Language codes | |
ISO 639-3 | – |
ISO 639-6 | hgou |
Glottolog | hang1257 [2] |
Hangzhounese, or Hangzhou dialect (simplified Chinese: 杭州话; traditional Chinese: 杭州話; pinyin: hángzhōuhuà; Rhangzei Rhwa), is spoken in the city of Hangzhou and its immediate suburbs, but excluding areas further away from Hangzhou such as Xiāoshān (蕭山) and Yúháng (余杭) (both originally county-level cities and now the districts within Hangzhou City). The number of speakers of the Hangzhounese has been estimated to be about 1.2 to 1.5 million. It is a dialect of Wu, one of the Chinese varieties. Hangzhounese is of immense interest to Chinese historical phonologists and dialectologists because phonologically, it exhibits extensive similarities with the other Wu dialects; however, grammatically and lexically, it shows many Mandarin tendencies.[3]
Contents
Classification
Hangzhounese is classified as a dialect of Wu Chinese, although some western linguists claim Hangzhou is a Mandarin Chinese dialect.
Richard Vanness Simmons, a professor of Chinese at Rutgers University in New Jersey, USA, claims that the Hangzhou dialect, rather than being Wu as it was classified by Yuen Ren Chao, is a Mandarin dialect closely related to Jianghuai Mandarin. Hangzhou dialect is still classified under Wu. Chao had developed a "Common Wu Syllabry" for the Wu dialects. Simmons claimed that had Chao compared Hangzhou dialect to the Wu syllabary and Jianghuai Mandarin, he would have found more similarities to Jianghuai.[4] Jianghuai Mandarin shares an "old literary layer" as a stratum with southern dialects like Minnan, Hakka, Gan, and Hangzhou dialects, which it does not share with Northern Mandarin. Sino Vietnamese also shares some of these characteristics. The stratum in Minnan specifically consist of Zeng group and Geng group's "n" and "t" finals when an "i" initial is present.[5][6]
John H. McWhorter claimed that the Hangzhou was categorized as a Wu dialect because seven tones are present in Hangzhou, which is significantly more than the typical number of tones found in northern Mandarin dialects, which is four.[7]
Geographic distribution
Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found. It stretches from yuhang xiasha in east to the Qiangtang River in south. A growing number of Hangzhounese speakers is emerging overseas in New York City, United States.
Dialects
Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
Phonetics and phonology
Consonants
bilabial | labio-dental | alveolar | alveolo-palatal | velar | glottal | ||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
nasal | m | n | ɲ | ŋ | |||
plosives | voiced | b | d | ɡ | |||
voiceless unaspirated | p | t | k | ʔ | |||
voiceless aspirated | pʰ | tʰ | kʰ | ||||
fricatives | voiced | v | z | ɦ | |||
voiceless | f | s | ɕ | h | |||
affricates | voiced | dz | dʑ | ||||
voiceless unaspirated | ts | tɕ | |||||
voiceless aspirated | tsʰ | tɕʰ | |||||
approximants | ʋ | ɹ | |||||
lateral approximants | l |
Vowels
Monophthongs
Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
Diphthongs
Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
Triphthongs
Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
Syllable structure
Onsets
Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
Rimes
Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
Tones
Citation tones
The Hangzhou tonal system is similar to that of the Suzhou dialect, in that some words with shàng tone in Middle Chinese have merged with the yīn qù tone. Since the tone split dating from Middle Chinese still depends on the voicing of the initial consonant, these constitute just three phonemic tones: pin, shang, and qu. (Ru syllables are phonemically toneless.)
Tone number | Tone name | Tone letters | Description |
---|---|---|---|
1 | yin ping (陰平) | ˧˨˧ (323) | mid dipping |
2 | yang ping (陽平) | ˨˩˨ (212) | low dipping |
3 | shang (上) | ˥˩ (51) | falling |
4 | yin qu (陰去) | ˧˦ (334) | mid rising |
5 | yang qu (陽去) | ˩˧ (113) | low rising |
6 | yin ru (陰入) | ˥ʔ (5) | high checked |
7 | yang ru (陽入) | ˩˨ʔ (12) | low checked |
Tone sandhi
Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
Grammar
Morphology
Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
Syntax
Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
Vocabulary
Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found. Time
-
- gemore(葛毛)-- now
- deimore(头毛)-- just now
- yalidei(夜里头)-- at night
- rizong(日中)-- at noon
- reli(日里)-- in the day
- zaogedei(早盖头)-- in the morning
Expression of person, categorized by generation
-
- agong(阿公)-- mother's father
- abo(阿婆)-- mother's mother
- diadia(爷爷)-- father's father
- nene(奶奶)-- father's mother
- popo(婆婆)-- grandfather's sister
- xiaodiadia(小爷爷)-- grandfather's sister's husband
-
- aba(阿爸)/baba(爸爸)-- papa
- muma(姆妈)/mama(妈妈)-- mom
- bobo(伯伯)-- father's brother
- damuma(大姆妈)-- wife of father's oldest brother
- xiaoboubou(小伯伯)-- father's younger brother
- senniang(婶娘)-- wife of father's little brother
- ayi(阿姨)/gugu(姑姑)-- father's sister
- guvu(姑夫)-- father's sister's husband
- niangjiu(娘舅)/ajiu(阿舅)/jiujiu(舅舅)-- mother's brother
- jiumu(舅妈)-- wife of mother's brother
- zangren(丈人)-- wife's father
- zangmuniang(丈母娘)-- wife's mother
- yiniang(姨娘)-- mother's sister
- ganyi(干姨)-- mother's sister's husband
-
- agou(阿哥)-- elder brother
- adi(阿弟)-- little brother
- ajie(阿姐)-- elder sister
- amei(阿妹)-- little sister
- biaogou/biaodi(表哥/表弟)-- male older/younger cousin who does not share surname
- biaojie/biaomei(表姐/表妹)-- female older/younger cousin who does not share surname
- danggou/dangdi(堂哥/堂弟)-- male older/younger cousin who shares the same surname
- dangjie/dangmei(堂姐/堂妹)-- female older/younger cousin who shares the same surname
-
-
- xiaoya'er(小伢儿)-- child
-
History
The most important event to impact on Hangzhou's dialect was its establishment as Lin'an, the capital of the Southern Song Dynasty. When the Northern Song Dynasty was conquered by the Jin Dynasty in 1127, large numbers of northern refugees fled to what is now Hangzhou, speaking predominantly Mandarin of the Henan variety. Within 30 years, contemporary accounts record that immigrants outnumbered natives in Hangzhou. This resulted in Mandarin influences in the pronunciation, lexicon and grammar of the Hangzhou dialect.
Further influence by Mandarin occurred after the overthrow of the Qing Dynasty in 1912. The local Manchu garrisons were dissolved, adding significant numbers of Beijing dialect Mandarin speakers to the population.
Because of the frequent commerce and intercourse between Hangzhou and Shaoxing, the Hangzhou dialect is also influenced by the Shaoxing dialect.
Examples
Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
See also
References
<templatestyles src="Reflist/styles.css" />
Cite error: Invalid <references>
tag; parameter "group" is allowed only.
<references />
, or <references group="..." />
- Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
- Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
- Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
- Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
External links
- ↑ Sinolect.org
- ↑ Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
- ↑ (Simmons 1995)
- ↑ Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
- ↑ Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found. (the University of Michigan)
- ↑ Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
- ↑ Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
- Pages with reference errors
- Articles containing Wuu-language text
- Language articles with old speaker data
- Dialects of languages with ISO 639-3 code
- Languages without ISO 639-3 code but with Glottolog code
- Articles containing simplified Chinese-language text
- Articles containing traditional Chinese-language text
- Articles using small message boxes
- Wu Chinese
- Hangzhou