Help:IPA for Norwegian
From Infogalactic: the planetary knowledge core
The chart below shows how the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA) represents Norwegian pronunciations in Wikipedia articles. The accent that has been used here as a model is Standard Eastern Norwegian, which is not an official standard of the Norwegian language because of the the Norwegian language conflict, but it is the accent usually taught to foreigners. See also Norwegian phonology for more details about pronunciation.
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Notes
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- ↑ 1.0 1.1 1.2 1.3 1.4 1.5 In many of the dialects that have an apical rhotic consonant, a recursive Sandhi process of retroflexion occurs wherein clusters of /r/ and dental consonants /rd/, /rl/, /rn/, /rs/, /rt/ produce retroflex consonant realizations: [ɖ], [ɭ], [ɳ], [ʂ], [ʈ]. In dialects with a guttural R, such as Southern and Western Norwegian dialects, these are [ʁd], [ʁl], [ʁn], [ʁs], [ʁt].
- ↑ /r/ varies considerably in different dialects, being alveolar in some dialects and uvular in others.
- ↑ 3.0 3.1 3.2 3.3 Before /r/, the quality of non-high front vowels is changed: /eː/ and /ɛ/ lower to [æː] and [æ].
- ↑ 4.00 4.01 4.02 4.03 4.04 4.05 4.06 4.07 4.08 4.09 4.10 4.11 4.12 4.13 [ɔ, oː, œ, øː, ʏ, yː, ɔʏ, œʏ] are protruded vowels, whereas [ʉ, ʉː, ʊ, uː] (including the [ʉ] element in [æʉ] and [ʉɪ]) are compressed; see roundedness for details.
- ↑ 5.0 5.1 The distinction between compressed [ʉ] and protruded [ʏ] is particularly difficult to hear for non-native speakers:
- Compressed [ʉ] sounds very close to German compressed [ʏ] (as in müssen <phonos file="De-müssen.ogg">[ˈmʏsn̩]</phonos>).
- Protruded [ʏ] sounds more similar to English unrounded [ɪ] (as in hit) than to German compressed [ʏ], and is very close to Swedish protruded [ʏ] (as in syll <phonos file="Sv-syll.ogg">[sʏlː]</phonos>).
- ↑ 6.0 6.1 The distinction between compressed [ʉː] and protruded [yː] is particularly difficult to hear for non-native speakers:
- Compressed [ʉː] sounds very close to German compressed [yː] (as in üben <phonos file="De-üben.ogg">[ˈyːbn̩]</phonos>).
- Protruded [yː] sounds more similar to English unrounded [iː] (as in leave) than to German compressed [yː], and is very close to Swedish protruded [yː] (as in syl <phonos file="Sv-syl.ogg">[syːl]</phonos>).
- ↑ 7.0 7.1 7.2 /ɑɪ, ɛɪ, ɔʏ/ appear only in loanwords. /ɛɪ/ is used only by some younger speakers, who contrast it with /æɪ/; speakers who do not have /ɛɪ/ in their diphthong inventory replace it with /æɪ/ (Kristoffersen (2000:19)).
- ↑ /ʉɪ/ appears only in the word hui (Kristoffersen (2000:19)).
