IAS machine

The IAS machine at the National Museum of American History

The IAS machine was the first electronic computer built at the Institute for Advanced Study (IAS), in Princeton, New Jersey, USA. It is sometimes called the von Neumann machine, since the paper describing its design was edited by John von Neumann, a mathematics professor at both Princeton University and IAS. The computer was built from late 1945 until 1951 under his direction. The general organization is called Von Neumann architecture, even though it was both conceived and implemented by others.

History

Julian Bigelow was hired as chief engineer in May 1946. Hewitt Crane, Herman Goldstine, Gerald Estrin, Arthur Burks and Willis Ware also worked on the project. The machine was in limited operation in the summer of 1951 and fully operational on June 10, 1952.

It was in operation until July 15, 1958.

Description

The IAS machine was a binary computer with a 40-bit word, storing two 20-bit instructions in each word. The memory was 1024 words (5.1 kilobytes). Negative numbers were represented in "two's complement" format. It had two general-purpose registers available: the Accumulator (AC) and Multiplier/Quotient (MQ).

Although some claim the IAS machine was the first design to mix programs and data in a single memory, that had been implemented four years earlier by the 1948 Manchester Small Scale Experimental Machine. Also MESM became operational prior to IAS machine.

Von Neumann showed how the combination of instructions and data in one memory could be used to implement loops, by modifying branch instructions when a loop was completed, for example. The resultant demand that instructions and data be placed on the same memory later came to be known as the Von Neumann Bottleneck.

The memory was originally designed for about 2300 RCA Selectron vacuum tubes. Problems with the development of these complex tubes forced the switch to Williams tubes.

It was an asynchronous machine, meaning that there was no central clock regulating the timing of the instructions. One instruction started executing when the previous one finished. The addition time was 62 microseconds and the multiplication time was 713 microseconds.

IAS machine derivatives

Plans for the IAS machine were widely distributed to any schools, businesses, or companies interested in computing machines, resulting in the construction of several derivative computers referred to as "IAS machines," although they were not software compatible in the modern sense.

Some of these "IAS machines" were:

• AVIDAC (Argonne National Laboratory)
• BESK (Stockholm)
• BESM (Moscow)
• CYCLONE (Iowa State University)
• DASK (Regnecentralen, Copenhagen 1958)
• GEORGE (Argonne National Laboratory)
• IBM 701 (19 installations)
• ILLIAC I (University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign)
  • MUSASINO-1 (Musashino, Tokyo, Japan)
• JOHNNIAC (RAND)
• MANIAC I (Los Alamos National Laboratory)
• MISTIC (Michigan State University)
• ORACLE (Oak Ridge National Laboratory)
• ORDVAC (Aberdeen Proving Ground)
• PERM (Munich)
• SARA (SAAB)
• SEAC (Washington, DC)
• SILLIAC (University of Sydney)
• SMIL (Lund University)
• WEIZAC (Weizmann Institute)

See also

• Von Neumann architecture
• List of vacuum tube computers

Further reading

• Gilchrist, Bruce, "Remembering Some Early Computers, 1948-1960", Columbia University EPIC, 2006, pp. 7–9. (archived 2006) Contains some autobiographical material on Gilchrist's use of the IAS computer beginning in 1952.
• Dyson, George, Turing's Cathedral, 2012, Pantheon, ISBN 0-375-42277-3 A book about the history of the Institute of Advanced Study around the making of this computer. Chapters 6 onward deal with this computer specifically.

External links

• Oral history interviews concerning the Institute for Advanced Study—see also individual interviews with Willis H. Ware, Arthur Burks, Herman Goldstine, Martin Schwarzschild, and others. Charles Babbage Institute, University of Minnesota.
• First Draft of a Report on the EDVAC - Copy of the original draft by John von Neumann
• The Manchester Small Scale Experimental Machine "The Baby" - The first operational stored programme computer.