Jacob M. Howard

Jacob M. Howard
United States Senator from Michigan
In office January 17, 1862 – March 4, 1871
Preceded by	Kinsley S. Bingham
Succeeded by	Thomas W. Ferry
Member of the U.S. House of Representatives from Michigan's 1st district
In office March 4, 1841 – March 4, 1843
Preceded by	Isaac E. Crary
Succeeded by	Robert McClelland
Personal details
Born	Jacob Merritt Howard (1805-07-10)July 10, 1805 Shaftsbury, Vermont
Died	Detroit, Michigan
Political party	Republican
Other political affiliations	Whig

Mr. Howard

Jacob Merritt Howard (July 10, 1805 – April 2, 1871) was a U.S. Representative and U.S. Senator from the state of Michigan during and after the American Civil War.

Early life

Howard was born in Shaftsbury, Vermont, and attended the district schools and the academies of Bennington and Brattleboro. He graduated from Williams College in Massachusetts in 1830 and then studied law. He moved to Detroit, Michigan in 1832 and was admitted to the bar in 1833 and commenced practice in Detroit. He was city attorney of Detroit in 1834 and a member of the Michigan State House of Representatives in 1838.

Congressional service

Howard was elected as a Whig to the United States House of Representatives for the Twenty-seventh Congress, serving March 4, 1841–March 4, 1843. He was not a candidate for renomination in 1842. He helped draw up the platform of the first Republican Party convention held in Jackson, Michigan, in 1854. He was Michigan Attorney General from 1855-1861.

Howard was elected as a Republican to the United States Senate in 1861 to fill the vacancy caused by the death of Kinsley S. Bingham. He was reelected in 1865 and in total served from January 1862, to March 1871. He was chairman of the Committee on Pacific Railroads in the Thirty-eighth through Forty-first Congresses.

As a Senator, he was the chief sponsor of the False Claims Act, a.k.a. "The Lincoln Law", that permitted whistle blowers to file qui tam lawsuits against government contractors for fraud, with the incentive of receiving a monetary reward based on the recovery made by the federal government. Howard justified giving rewards to whistle blowers, many of whom had engaged in unethical activities themselves, saying:

I have based the [qui tam provision] upon the old-fashioned idea of holding out a temptation, and ‘setting a rogue to catch a rogue,’ which is the safest and most expeditious way I have ever discovered of bringing rogues to justice.

Howard is credited with working closely with Abraham Lincoln in drafting and passing the Thirteenth Amendment to the United States Constitution, which abolished slavery. In the Senate, he also served on the Joint Committee on Reconstruction, which drafted the Fourteenth Amendment to the United States Constitution.

During debate over the first clause of the Fourteenth Amendment, he argued for including the phrase and subject to the jurisdiction thereof. Howard said:

[The 14th amendment] will not, of course, include persons born in the United States who are foreigners, aliens, who belong to the families of ambassadors or foreign ministers accredited to the government of the United States, but will include every other class of person.

Howard died in Detroit and is interred in Elmwood Cemetery.

Bibliography

• Maltz, Earl M., “Radical Politics and Constitutional Theory: Senator Jacob M. Howard of Michigan and the Problem of Reconstruction,” Michigan Historical Review, 32 (Spring 2006), 19–32.
• American National Biography
• Dictionary of American Biography

External links

• Jacob M. Howard at the Biographical Directory of the United States Congress. Includes Guide to Research Collections where his papers are located.
• The Political Graveyard
• Howard's handwritten draft of speech to the Senate introducing the Fourteenth Amendment (via TIFIS.org).

United States House of Representatives
Preceded by Isaac E. Crary	United States Representative for the 1st Congressional District of Michigan 1841–1843	Succeeded by Robert McClelland
Legal offices
Preceded by William Hale	Michigan Attorney General 1855–1860	Succeeded by Charles Upson
United States Senate
Preceded by Kinsley S. Bingham	U.S. Senator (Class 2) from Michigan 1862–1871 Served alongside: Zachariah Chandler	Succeeded by Thomas W. Ferry