Kavala

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Kavala
Καβάλα
Panoramic view
Panoramic view
Official seal of Kavala
Seal
Kavala is located in Greece
Kavala
Kavala
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Location within the region
2011 Dimos Kavalas.svg
Coordinates: Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
Country Greece
Administrative region East Macedonia and Thrace
Regional unit Kavala
Area
 • Municipality 350.61 km2 (135.37 sq mi)
 • Municipal unit 112.6 km2 (43.5 sq mi)
Highest elevation 53 m (174 ft)
Lowest elevation 0 m (0 ft)
Population (2011)[1]
 • Municipality 70,501
 • Municipality density 200/km2 (520/sq mi)
 • Municipal unit 58,790
 • Municipal unit density 520/km2 (1,400/sq mi)
Community
 • Population 56371
Time zone EET (UTC+2)
 • Summer (DST) EEST (UTC+3)
Postal code 65x xx
Area code(s) 2510
Vehicle registration KB
Website http://tourism.kavala.gov.gr/web/guest/home

Kavala (Greek: Καβάλα; [kaˈvala]) is a city in northern Greece, the principal seaport of eastern Macedonia and the capital of Kavala regional unit.

It is situated on the Bay of Kavala, across from the island of Thasos and located on the Egnatia motorway, a one and a half-hour drive to Thessaloniki (160 kilometres (99 miles) west) and a forty-minute drive to Drama (37 km (23 miles) north) and Xanthi (56 km (35 miles) east).

Names and Etymology

In Antiquity the name of the city was Neapolis ('new city', like many Greek colonies). During the Middle Ages it was devoutly renamed Christoupolis ('city of Christ'.

The etymology of the modern name of the city is disputed. There are some explanations, either from the Italian cavallo (=horse), or from the Hebrew Kabbalah due to the large Jewish population of the city. Its nickname is The cyan city (Η γαλάζια πόλη).

History

Antiquity

View of the archaeological site of Philippi.

The city was founded at about the end of the 7th century BC by settlers from Thassos, who called it Neapolis (Νεάπολις; "new city" in Greek). It was one of the colonies that the Thassians founded along the coastline in order to take advantage of the rich gold and silver mines of the territory, especially those located in the nearby Pangaion mountain (which were eventually exploited by Phillip II of Macedonia).

The worship of "Parthenos", a female deity of Greek–Ionian origin associated with Athena, is archaeologically attested in the archaic period. At the end of the 6th century BC Neapolis claimed its independence from Thassos and cut its own silver coins with the head of Gorgo (γοργὀνειο) on the one side. At the beginning of the 5th century BC a large Ionic temple made from thassian marble replaced the archaic one. Parts of it can now be seen in the archaeological museum of Kavala.

In 411 BC, during the Peloponnesian War, Neapolis was besieged by the allied armies of the Spartans and the Thassians but remained faithful to Athens. Two Athenian honorary decrees in 410 and 407 BC rewarded Neapolis for its loyalty.

Neapolis was a town of Macedonia, located 14 km (9 mi) from the harbor of Philippi. Neapolis was a member of the Athenian League; a pillar found in Athens mentions the contribution of Neapolis to the alliance.

Roman Era

Via Egnatia in Kavala.

The military Roman road Via Egnatia passed through the city helped commerce to flourish. It became a Roman civitas in 168 BC, and was a base for Brutus and Cassius in 42 BC, before their defeat in the Battle of Philippi. (Appian, B.C. iv. 106; Dion Cass. xlvii. 35.).

The Apostle Paul landed at Kavala on his first voyage to Europe (Acts, xvi. 11).

Byzantine, Bulgarian and Crusader Era

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Further information: Byzantine Greece
View of the old town with the Byzantine fortress.
The arsenal and the food storage in the Byzantine castle

In the 6th century, Byzantine emperor Justinian I fortified the city in an effort to protect it from barbaric raids. In later Byzantine times the city was called Christoupolis (Χριστούπολις, "city of Christ") and belonged to the theme of Macedonia. The first mention of the new name is recorded in a taktikon of the early 9th century. The city is also mentioned in the "Life of St. Gregory of Dekapolis". In the 8th and 9th century, Bulgarian attacks forced the Byzantines to reorganize the defense of the area, giving great care to Christoupolis with fortifications and a notable garrison. Bulgarians also ruled it briefly. In 926 the Byzantine general (strategos) Basil Klaudon reconstructed the fallen walls of the city, ("τα πριν φθαρέντα και πεπτωκότα τείχη") according to an inscription that is now in the archaeological museum of Kavala. Due to the location of Christoupolis, the city experienced an economic resurgence, securing the contact between Constantinople and Thessaloniki.

During the Norman raid of Macedonia in 1185, the city was captured and burned. In 1302, the Catalans failed to capture the city. In order to prevent them from coming back, the Byzantine emperor Andronikos III Palaiologos built a new long defensive wall ("το παρά την Χριστούπολιν τείχισμα"). It was ruled by Serbian Empire between 1345 and 1371. In 1357 it is mentioned that the Byzantine officers and brothers Alexios and John controlled the city and its territory. Recent excavations have revealed the ruins of an early Byzantine basilica under an old Ottoman mosque in the old part of the city (Panagia peninsula). This Christian temple was used until the late Byzantine era, as the also recently revealed small cemetery around it shows.

Ottoman Era

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Further information: Ottoman Greece and Sanjak of Kavala
Residence of Muhammad Ali of Egypt.

The Ottoman Turks first captured the city in 1387 and completely destroyed it in 1391, as a Mount Athos chronicle testifies. Kavala was part of the Ottoman Empire from 1387 to 1912. In the middle of the 16th century, Ibrahim Pasha, Grand Vizier of Suleiman the Magnificent, contributed to the prosperity and growth of Kavala by the construction of an aqueduct.[2] The Ottomans also extended the Byzantine fortress on the hill of Panagia. Both landmarks are among the most recognizable symbols of the city today.

Mehmet Ali, the founder of a dynasty that ruled Egypt, was born in Kavala in 1769. His house has been preserved as a museum.

Modern Kavala

Kavala in 1900
View to the port and downtown.
View of the seafront
Center of the city.

Kavala was briefly occupied by the Bulgarians during the first Balkan War in 1912, but was finally captured by Greece in 1913 during a successful landing operation by the Greek Navy that was commanded by the famous admiral Pavlos Kountouriotis. During World War I Kavala suffered from the Bulgarian military occupation with many victims among its Greek population.[citation needed] After the Greco-Turkish War of 1919–1922, the city entered a new era of prosperity because of the labour offered by the thousands of refugees that moved to the area from Asia Minor. The development was both industrial and agricultural. Kavala became greatly involved in the processing and trading of tobacco. Many buildings related to the storage and processing of tobacco from that era are preserved in the city.

During World War II and after the fall of Athens, the Nazis awarded Kavala to their Bulgarian allies in 1941, causing the city to suffer once again, but finally was liberated in 1944.

In the late 1950s Kavala expanded towards the sea by reclaiming land from the area west of the port.

In 1967, King Constantine II left Athens for Kavala in an unsuccessful attempt to launch a counter-coup against the military junta.

Ecclesiastical History

Christopolis was important enough in the Late Roman province of Macedonia Secunda to be a suffragan of its capital Philippi's Metropolitan Archbishopric, but the Catholic succession ended.

Titular see

The diocese of Christopolis was nominally restored in 1933 as a Latin Catholic titular bishopric.

It is vacant, having had the following, far from consecutive, incumbents of the lowest (episcopal) rank, except the latest (archiepiscopal, intermediary rank) :

  • Jean Isembert, Dominican Order (O.P.) (1450.05.11 – 1465.09.08)
  • Jaime Perez de Valencia, Augustinian Order (O.E.S.A.) (1468.10.01 – 1490.08.03)
  • Ausiás Carbonell, O.P. (1509.04.16 – 1532.12.09)
  • Enrique Rutil (1525.11.10 – ?)
  • Bishop-elect Francisco de Jaén (1530.12.05 – ?)
  • Francisco Estaña (1534.12.16 – 1549.06.23)
  • Gian Antonio Fassano (1544.06.04 – 1568.09.10)
  • Juan Segría (1547.11.28 – 1568.07.23) as Auxiliary Bishop of Valencia (Spain) (1547.11.28 – 1568.07.23); later Metropolitan Archbishop of Sassari (Sardinia, Italy) (1568.07.23 – death 1569.09.26), Metropolitan Archbishop of Palermo (Sicily, Italy) (1569.09.26 – 1569 not possessed)
  • Pedro Coderos (1570.02.20 – 1579.10.21) as Auxiliary Bishop of Valencia (Spain) (1570.02.20 – 1579.10.21); later Metropolitan Archbishop of Otranto (Italy) (1579.10.21 – 1585)
  • Marcin Szyszkowski (1603.11.24 – 1604.06)
  • Ludovico de Taragni, Benedictine Order (O.S.B.) (1612.03.21 – ?)
  • Michael Chumer, Friars Minor (O.F.M.) (1639.10.03 – 1651.06.30)
  • Maxime Tessier (1951.05.28 – 1955.05.08)
  • Otto Spülbeck (1955.06.28 – 1958.06.23)
  • Michael William Hyle (1958.07.03 – 1960.03.02)
  • Titular Archbishop Sante Portalupi (1961.10.14 – 1984.03.31), papal diplomat, as Apostolic Nuncio to Honduras (1959.01.29 – 1967.09.27), Apostolic Nuncio to Nicaragua (1959.01.29 – 1967.09.27), Apostolic Delegate to Libya (1967.09.27 – 1979.12.15), Apostolic Pro-Nuncio to Algeria (1972 – 1979.12.15), Apostolic Pro-Nuncio to Tunisia (1972 – 1979.12.15), Apostolic Pro-Nuncio to Morocco (1976 – 1979.12.15), Apostolic Nuncio to Portugal (1979.12.15 – 1984.03.31).

Historical population

Year Town Municipal unit Municipality
1961 44,517 44,978 -
1971 46,234 46,887 -
1981 56,375 56,705 -
1991 56,571 58,025 -
2001 58,663 63,293 -
2011 54,027 58,790 70,501

Administration

Municipal units (former municipalities):
  Kavala
  Filippoi
The town hall

Municipality

The municipality of Kavala was formed at the 2011 local government reform by the merger of the two former municipalities, which became municipal units:[3]

Municipal unit Population
Kavala 58,790
Filippoi 11,711

The population of the new municipality is 70,501 and the area is 350,61 km2. The seat of the municipality is in Kavala. Some of the most important communities inside new municipality are:

Community Population
Kavala 56,371
Krinides 3,365
Amigdaleonas 2,724
Nea Karvali 2,225
Zygos 2,057

Subdivisions

Kavala is built amphitheatrically, with most residents enjoying superb views of the coast and sea. Some of the regions inside Kavala are:

Agia Varvara Agios Athanasios Agios Ioannis Agios Loukas Chilia
Dexameni Kalamitsa Kentro Neapolis Panagia
Perigiali Potamoudia Profitis Ilias Timios Stavros Vyronas

International relations

Twin towns – Sister cities

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See also: List of twin towns and sister cities in Greece

Kavala is twinned with:

Partnerships

Province

The province of Kavala (Greek: Επαρχία Καβάλας) was one of the provinces of the Kavala Prefecture. Its territory corresponded with that of the current municipality Kavala, and part of the municipal unit Eleftheroupoli.[4] It was abolished in 2006.

Climate

Kavala has a humid subtropical climate (Köppen climate classification "Cfa") that borders on a semi-arid climate (Köppen climate classification "BSk" or "BSh" depending on the system used) with annual average precipitation of 460 mm (18.1 in). Snowfalls are sporadic, but happen more or less every year. The humidity is always very high

The absolute maximum temperature ever recorded was 38.0 °C (100 °F), while the absolute minimum ever recorded was −5.8 °C (22 °F).[5]

Climate data for Kavala
Month Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec Year
Average high °C (°F) 9.9
(49.8)		 10.5
(50.9)		 12.8
(55)		 16.8
(62.2)		 21.1
(70)		 26.8
(80.2)		 29.7
(85.5)		 29.5
(85.1)		 25.9
(78.6)		 20.9
(69.6)		 14.6
(58.3)		 11.0
(51.8)		 19.6
(67.3)
Daily mean °C (°F) 6.8
(44.2)		 7.2
(45)		 9.3
(48.7)		 13.4
(56.1)		 17.7
(63.9)		 23.0
(73.4)		 26.5
(79.7)		 26.3
(79.3)		 22.4
(72.3)		 17.2
(63)		 11.4
(52.5)		 8.0
(46.4)		 15.8
(60.4)
Average low °C (°F) 3.0
(37.4)		 3.5
(38.3)		 5.4
(41.7)		 8.7
(47.7)		 12.6
(54.7)		 17.0
(62.6)		 20.3
(68.5)		 20.4
(68.7)		 16.4
(61.5)		 11.4
(52.5)		 6.7
(44.1)		 4.2
(39.6)		 10.8
(51.4)
Average precipitation mm (inches) 17.9
(0.705)		 28.6
(1.126)		 37.9
(1.492)		 57.1
(2.248)		 32.8
(1.291)		 27.0
(1.063)		 28.0
(1.102)		 17.5
(0.689)		 10.4
(0.409)		 25.9
(1.02)		 67.4
(2.654)		 52.7
(2.075)		 403.2
(15.874)
Average precipitation days 5.9 7.0 8.5 10.5 9.3 8.5 5.5 4.8 4.3 7.3 10.2 9.3 91.1
Average relative humidity (%) 64.9 65.0 66.6 65.8 67.8 67.8 68.4 68.8 67.7 65.8 66.1 67.7 66.9
Source: Greek National Weather Service [7]
Panoramic view.

Education/Research

The Technological Educational Institute (panoramic view).
  • TEI of Eastern Macedonia and Thrace: The Technological Educational Institute of Eastern Macedonia and Thrace (Greek: ΤΕΙ Ανατολικής Μακεδονίας και Θράκης) is a public institute providing education at university level in the region of Eastern Macedonia and Thrace. The main campus of the institute located in St. Lukas, Kavala and is approximately 132,000 m2 with buildings covering an area of 36,000 m2.The campus is home for 2 faculties (Faculty of Engineering Sciences and Faculty of Business and Economics) with totally 9 departments.
  • MSc in Management and Information Systems
  • Fisheries Research Institute:[6] Fisheries Research Institute (F.R.I) is one of the five specialized research institutes of N.AG.RE.F, being responsible to conduct research and to promote technological development in the fishery sector. The Institute is located 17 km (11 mi) away from Kavala, in Nea Peramos, at the centre of a marine area with rich fishery grounds and high biodiversity in the surrounding lagoons, lakes and rivers.
  • Institute of Mohamed Ali for the Research of the Eastern Tradition (I.M.A.R.E.T.):[7] I.M.A.R.E.T. is a registered NGO with the Hellenic Ministry of Foreign Affairs, which was established several months ago by concerned citizens in Kavala, Greece. Its aims include the study of the Egyptian influence in Greece and vice versa. The intra-cultural exchange and dialogue, as well as the promotion of art as a means of intra-cultural understanding. The first major co-operation partner is Cultnat of Bibliotheca Alaxandrina with the aim of documenting and digitizing the architectural heritage of the Mohamed Ali era in Egypt and Greece. Most important event that take place every year at the institute is the International Roman Law Moot Court Competition.
  • Historical & Literary Archives of Kavala:[8] It is purely a non-profiteering, public utility foundation. The foundation of the Historical & Literary Archives of Kavala is not subsidized by the Greek State, neither by any other enterprise of the private sector. Its operational cost is covered only by its founders and by infrequent aids of the local self-government.
  • Egnatia Aviation:[9] It is a private training college for pilots that started training in Greece in July 2006. The facilities of Egnatia Aviation mostly located in the former passenger’s terminal of the Kavala International Airport "Alexander the Great".

Culture

Festivals and events

Kavala hosts a wide array of cultural events, which mostly take place during the summer months. The top festival is the Festival of Philippi,[10] which lasts from July to September and includes theatrical performances and music concerts. Since 1957, it has been the city's most important cultural event and one of the most important of Greece.

Cosmopolis is an International Festival held in the Old Town of Kavala that offers an acquaintance with cultures around the world through dancing and musical groups, traditional national cuisines, cinema, and exhibits at the kiosks of the participant countries.

Giannis Papaioannou’s Festival includes concerts and music seminars.[11]

Ilios ke Petra (Sun and Stone)(July): a Festival held in “Akontisma” of Nea Karvali. The event is of folkloric character, with the participation of traditional dancing groups from all over the world.

Wood Water Wild Festival:[12] Wood Water Wild is an outdoor activities festival, inspired by nature. It includes live bands & DJ sets, body&mind activities, a book fair, outdoor theatre, ecology, camping, and debates.

Kavala AirSea Show:[13] An annual air show, which takes place during the last days of June

Besides, various cultural events are held in all municipalities of Kavala during the summer months.

Cuisine

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See also: Macedonian cuisine (Greek)

Fish and sea food, as well as the products of the local livestock breeding and agricultural sectors are the prevailing elements of Kavala courses. In Kavala, the traditional local recipes have been influenced by the cuisine of the refugees from Pontos, Asia Minor and Kappadokia. Fresh fish and sea food, salted food, mackerel "gouna" (sun dried mackerel on the grill), sardine pantremeni, mussels with rice, herring saganaki, anchovies wrapped in grape leaves, Stuffed eggplant: these are some very renowned recipes in Kavala and the coastal settlements of the region. The grapes, wine and tsipouro produced in the area, as well as the kourabiedes (sugar-coated almond biscuits) from Nea Karvali are particularly famous.

Transport

Outside the airport Megas Alexandros.

Highway Network

European route E90 runs through the city and connects Kavala with the other cities. The Egnatia Motorway (A2) lies north of the city. One can enter the city from one of two Junctions; 'Kavala West' and 'Kavala East'.Kavala has regular connection with Interregional Bus Lines (KTEL) from and to Thessaloniki and Athens.

Airport

The Kavala International Airport "Alexander the Great" (27 km (17 mi) from Kavala) is connected with Athens by regularly scheduled flights and with many European cities by scheduled and charter flights.

Port

Kavala is connected with all the islands of the Northern Aegean Sea with frequent itineraries of various ferry lines.

Bus

The city is connected with all of the large Greek cities such as Thessaloniki and Athens. All of the local villages are also connected via bus lines. The cost of tickets is very cheap. There is also a shuttle bus in Kavala with these lines : 1. Vironas - Kallithea 2. Dexameni 3. Cemetery 4. Kipoupoli - Technological Institute 5. Agios Loukas 6. Profitis Ilias 7. Stadium 8. Kalamitsa - Batis ( only in summer ) 9. Agios Konstantinos 10. Neapoli 11. Hospital - Perigiali

Sports

Municipal stadium Anthi Karagianni.
  • Kavala F.C.: AO Kavala (Greek: Athlitikos Omilos Kavala, Αθλητικός Όμιλος Καβάλα), the Athletic Club Kavala, is a professional association football club based in the city of Kavala, Greece.The club plays in the Municipal Kavala Stadium "Anthi Karagianni".[14]
  • Kavala B.C.: Enosi Kalathosfairisis Kavalas (Greek: Ένωση Καλαθοσφαίρισης Καβάλας - Basketball Union of Kavala) is a Greek professional basketball club that is located in Kavala, Greece. The club is also known as E.K. Kavalas. The club's full Greek name is Ένωση Καλαθοσφαίρισης Καβάλας. Which means, Kavala Basketball Union or Kavala Basketball Association in English. The club competes in the Greek League.
  • Kavala '86: A women football club, founded in 1986, with panhellenic titles in Greek women football.
  • Kavala Chess Club:[15] Chess is very popular in Kavala and the local chess club ranks top in Greece, enjoying plenty of success both domestically and internationally. The highlight has to be the club's annual International Open, that takes place every August in Kavala and attracts the biggest names in chess from all over the globe
  • Nautical Club of Kavala (1945, Ναυτικός Ομιλος Καβάλας, ΝΟΚ). Sports of sea (swimming, yachting,water-polo,diving etc.)
  • Kavala Titans (2009, Τιτάνες Καβάλας). Rugby Union

Postage stamps

Austrian Levant stamp with blue Cavalla cancellation[16]

Austria opened a post office in Kavala before 1864.[17] Between 1893 and 1903, the French post office in the city issued its own postage stamps; at first stamps of France overprinted with "Cavalle" and a value in piasters, then in 1902 the French designs inscribed "CAVALLE".

Notable figures

Gallery

See also

References

  •  This article incorporates text from a publication now in the public domain: Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
  1. ↑ Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
  2. ↑ Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
  3. ↑ Kallikratis law Greece Ministry of Interior (Greek)
  4. ↑ Detailed census results 1991 PDF (39 MB) (Greek) (French)
  5. ↑ Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
  6. ↑ [1]
  7. ↑ [2]
  8. ↑ [3]
  9. ↑ [4]
  10. ↑ [5]
  11. ↑ (Greek) Φεστιβάλ κλασικής μουσικής «Γ. Α. Παπαϊωάννου»
  12. ↑ Wood Water Wild Festival
  13. ↑ Kavala AirSea Show
  14. ↑ Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
  15. ↑ [6]
  16. ↑ Die Poststempel auf der Freimarken-Ausgabe 1867 von Österreich und Ungarn, Edwin Mueller, 1930, # 6814
  17. ↑ Handbook of Austria and Lombardy-Venetia Cancellations on the Postage Stamp Issues 1850-1864, by Edwin MUELLER, 1961, p.215

Bibliography

  • Koukouli-Chrisanthaki Chaido, Kavala. Αrchaeological Museum of Kavala, Kavala: D.E.T.A., 2002 (in Greek).
  • Stefanidou Emilia, The City-Port of Kavala during the Period of Turkish Rule. An Urban Survey (1391-1912), Kavala: Historical & Literary Archive of Kavala, 2007 (in Greek).
  • Karagiannakidis Nikos - Likourinos Kyriakos, Neapolis-Christoupolis-Kavala, Kavala: Municipality of Kavala, 2009 (in Greek).
  • Koutzakiotis Georges, Cavalla, une Échelle égéenne au XVIIIe siècle. Négociants européens et notables ottomans, Istanbul: The Isis Press, 2009.
  • Roudometof Nikolaos (ed.), Notebooks of Bulgarian Occupation. Eastern Macedonia 1916-1918. v. 1, Kavala - Chrisoupoli - Eleutheroupoli, Kavala: Historical & Literary Archive of Kavala (in Greek).

Sources and External links

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