Kings and Princes of Wales

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King/Prince of Wales
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Statue of Owain Glyndwr, Corwen
Details
First monarch Wales: Cynan Dindaethwy (Britons: Brutus of Troy)
Last monarch Owain Glyndwr
Formation King of Wales: 798 AD (King of the Britons: 1112 BC)
Abolition 1415

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For the prior title, see King of the Britons. For the title used by native Welsh leaders and later by the English/British heir apparent, see Prince of Wales.

This is a list of the native titleholders of King or Prince of Wales (Welsh: Brenhinoedd a Thywysogion Cymru).

Rhodri Mawr has been suggested by some as the first sovereign of Wales, and the first to unite most of Wales. The modern-day territory of Wales was only fully united under the direct rule of Gruffydd ap Llywelyn from 1055 to 1063 according to historian John Davies. The native use of the title 'Prince of Wales' appeared more frequent by the eleventh century as a 'modernised' or reformed form of the old high kingship of the Britons. The native use of the titles ended following the killing of Llywelyn the Last and his brother, Dafydd ap Gruffydd and since then the Prince of Wales title has been used by the English and then British monarchy.

History

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See also: Kingdom of Wales, Principality of Wales, and List of rulers in Wales

Before Welsh Kings

Prior to the King or Prince of Wales title, the title King of the Britons was used to describe the King of the Celtic Britons, ancestors of the Welsh.[1] The Brut y Tywysogion, Gwentian Chronicles of Caradoc of Llancarvan version, which was written no earlier than the mid 16th century lists multiple Kings of the Britons as a "King of Wales".[2][3][4]

Evolution from King to Prince

The native use of the title 'Prince of Wales' appeared more frequent by the eleventh century as a 'modernised' or reformed form of the old high kingship of the Britons. The Welsh had originally been the high Kings of the Britons up until the claim to be high king of late Romano-British Britain was no longer realistic after the death of Cadwaladr in 664.[5] Cadwaldr was also heavily associated with the symbol of the Red Dragon of Wales.[6][7]

End of native Welsh Princes

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See also: English rule in Wales

Llywelyn the Last, the last Prince of Wales was ambushed and killed in 1282. The execution of his brother Dafydd ap Gruffydd in 1283 on the orders of King Edward I of England effectively ended Welsh independence. The title of Prince of Wales was then used by the English monarchy for the heir to the English throne.[8][9] The use of this title by an English monarch has been described as a "humiliation" of Wales.[10]

During the period 1400–1413, following a rebellion against English rule in Wales, there existed a native Prince of Wales, Owain Glyndwr and an English monarchy appointed Prince of Wales (who later became Henry V of England). The native Prince of Wales, Owain Glyndwr led Welsh forces against the English Prince of Wales and English rule in Wales.[11][12] The eventual defeat of Glyndwr's forces effectively ended Welsh independence. Since the death of Owain Glyndwr in 1415, the Prince of Wales title has only been held by a non-native heir to the English (and later British) monarchy.

List of the Kings and Princes of Wales

The following is a list of those assigned or claiming the title of King or Prince of Wales, including "Sovereigns and Princes of Wales 844 – 1283".[13] Some sources suggest Rhodri Mawr as the first sovereign of Wales, as well as the first to unite most of Wales.[13][14] While many different leaders in Wales claimed the title of 'King of Wales' and ruled majorities of Wales, the modern-day territory of Wales was only fully united under the direct rule of Gruffydd ap Llywelyn from 1055 to 1063 according to historian John Davies.[15][13]

Depiction Name &

life details

 Arms House, Kingdom Welsh Titles Reign Death & cause Source
King of Wales
Cynan Dindaethwy

(Cynan ap Rhodri)

 Gwynedd (insecurely from 754)
  • "King of all Wales" (Welsh: "Brenin Cymry oll"
 798 – 816 Brut y Tywysogion[16]

Annals of Ulster Annales Cambriae
165x165px
 Rhodri the Great

(Rhodri ap Merfyn)

 Gwynedd, from 855 also Powys, from 872 also Seisyllwg
  • "began to reign over the Welsh" (843 AD)
 843 Brut y Tywysogion[16]

Annals of Ulster
Cadell ap Rhodri
  • "ruled over all Wales" (877 AD)
 877 Brut y Tywysogion[16]
Anarawd ap Rhodri
  • "ruled over all Wales" (900 AD)
 900 Brut y Tywysogion[16]
Laws of Hywel Dda (f.1.v) King Hywel cropped.jpg
 Hywel Dda(Hywel ap Cadell) Deheubarth (from 920), from 942 also Gwynedd and Powys
  • "King of all Wales" (Welsh: "Brenin Cymry oll"
 942-949/50 Brut y Tywysogion[16]

Annals of Ulster Annales Cambriae
Aeddan ap Blegywryd
  • "acquired all Wales from sea to sea" (1000 AD)
 1000 Brut y Tywysogion[16]
Llywelyn ap Seisyll Gwynedd and Powys; from 1022 also Deheubarth
  • "took the government upon himself...in his time the country of Wales was twelve years without war"
  • "sovereignty of Wales"
 1023 Brut y Tywysogion[16]

Annals of Ulster
Gruffydd ap Llywelyn

1010 - 1063

 Gwynedd and Powys, from 1057 also the rest of Wales
  • Rex Walensium ("King of Wales")[17]
  • King of the Britons (in 1063; in 1058)
  • Had "gained all Wales prior to 1037"[16]
  • Ruled modern day Wales from 1055 to 1063.[18][19]
 The Ulster Chronicle states that he was killed by Cynan in 1064, whose father Iago had been put to death by Gruffydd in 1039.[20] John of Worcester[17]

Annals of Ulster

Brut y Tywysogion
King of Wales & Prince of Wales title
Gruffydd ap Cynan.jpg Gruffudd ap Cynan

1055 –1137
Gryffydd ap Cynan, King of Gwynedd.svg
House of Aberffraw, Gwynedd (insecurely from 1081)		 House of Aberffraw, Gwynedd (insecurely from 1081)
  • "king and sovereign and prince and defender and pacifier of all the Welsh" (in 1136)[21]
 1137 Died in 1137, aged 81–82. Brut y Tywysogion
179x179px Owain Gwynedd

1100 - November 1170
Coat of arms of Owain Gwynedd.svg
Caernarfon

(Retroactively attributed with no evidence of use.)

 Gwynedd
  • Prince over the British nation (in 1146)
  • King of Wales
  • King of the Welsh
  • Prince of the Welsh
 1146–1170 Died in 1170, aged 69–70. Brut y Tywysogion; contemporary charters.[22]
Prince of Wales title
167x167px Rhys ap Gruffydd

(The Lord Rhys) 1132 – 28 April 1197
136x136px
Kingdom of Deheubarth		 Deheubarth (from 1155)
  • Head of all Wales (in 1197)
  • Prince of the Welsh (in 1184)
  • Prince of Wales
 1184–1197 Died in 1197, aged 65. Brut y Tywysogion; contemporary charters.
LlywelynFawr.jpg Llywelyn the Great

(Llywelyn ap Iorwerth) 1173 – 11 April 1240
Arms of Llywelyn.svg
Kingdom of Gwynedd		 Gwynedd (from 1194), from 1208 also Powys, from 1216 also Deheubarth
  • Prince of the Welsh (in 1228)
  • Prince of Wales (in 1240)
 1228–1240 Died in 1240, aged 66–67. Brut y Tywysogion

contemporary charters
File:Llywelyn the Great detail.jpg Dafydd ap Llywelyn

March 1212 - 25 February 1246
Arms of Llywelyn.svg
Kingdom of Gwynedd		 Gwynedd
  • Prince of Wales (from 1220)
 1220–1246 Died suddenly in 1246, aged 33. Treaty with England
Llywelyn the Last at Cardiff City Hall.jpg Llywelyn the Last

(Llywelyn ap Gruffydd) 1223 – 11 December 1282
Arms of Llywelyn.svg
Kingdom of Gwynedd		 Gwynedd (from 1246), at times also Powys and Deheubarth

Succeeded Dafydd in 1246 as prince of Gwynedd.
  • Prince of Wales (in 1264; in 1258; in 1267; 1258–82)
  • Used title "Prince of Wales" from 1258. (Recognised by Henry III 29 September 1267)
 1258–1282 Killed on 11 December 1282, aged 59.

Killed by English soldiers in an ambush trick under the guise of discussions. His head was paraded in London and placed on a Tower of London spike.[23]

 Brut y Tywysogion

treaty with Scotland treaty with England letters charters
Dafydd ap Gruffydd

11 July 1238 – 3 October 1283
Arms of Dafydd ap Gruffydd.svg
Kingdom of Gwynedd		 Gwynedd
  • Prince of Wales (in 1283)
 1282–1283 Killed on October 3, 1283.

Dragged through the streets of Shrewsbury by a horse, hanged, revived and disemboweled. His bowels were thrown into a fire as he watched. Finally, his head was cut off and placed on a Tower of London spike next to his brother Llywelyn, and his body cut into quarters.[9]

 Letters[24]
English rule begins following the torture and beheading of Dafydd ap Gruffydd.
258x258px Madog ap Llywelyn
Arms of Llywelyn.svg
(most likely, Prince of Wales arms via Kingdom of Gwynedd)		 Gwynedd
  • Prince of Wales (in 1294)
 1294–1295

(Not recognised by the English monarchy.)

 Unknown.

Held prisoner in London (most likely the Tower of London.)

 Penmachno Document
255x255px Owain Glyndŵr

(Owain ap Gruffydd) 1359 –1415
160x160px
Prince of Wales arms

via the Kingdom of Gwynedd and Deheubarth

 Northern Powys, by 1404–5 all Wales, by 1409 only Gwynedd
  • Prince of Wales

(From 1400 and technically until his death in 1415 as he never accepted a pardon from Henry IV and V of England.)

 1400 – 1415

(Not recognised by the English monarchy.)

 1415, aged 55–56, secretly buried. Contemporary records e.g. coronation ceremony (1404.)

Other uses

Name &

life details

 House, Kingdom Welsh Titles Reign Source
Geraint ?670–c. 710

Dumonia
  • King of the Welsh (710) (Not mentioned in Brut y Tywysogion, so was likely only King of Welsh in Dumonia)
 710 Anglo-Saxon Chronicle[25]

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References

  1. ↑ Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
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  4. ↑ Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
  5. ↑ Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
  6. ↑ Hughes, Jonathan, "Politics and the occult at the Court of Edward IV", Princes and Princely Culture: 1450–1650, Brill, 2005, p.112-13.
  7. ↑ D.R. Woolf, "The power of the past: history, ritual and political authority in Tudor England", in Paul A. Fideler, Political Thought and the Tudor Commonwealth:Deep Structure, Discourse, and Disguise, New York, 1992, pp.21–22.
  8. ↑ Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
  9. ↑ 9.0 9.1 Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
  10. ↑ Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
  11. ↑ Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
  12. ↑  One or more of the preceding sentences incorporates text from a publication now in the public domain: Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
  13. ↑ 13.0 13.1 13.2 Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
  14. ↑ Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
  15. ↑ Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
  16. ↑ 16.0 16.1 16.2 16.3 16.4 16.5 16.6 16.7 Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
  17. ↑ 17.0 17.1 Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
  18. ↑ Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
  19. ↑ Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
  20. ↑ Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
  21. ↑ Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
  22. ↑ Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
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  24. ↑ Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
  25. ↑ Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
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