National Council (Switzerland)

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National Council
52nd National Council
Coat of arms or logo
Type
Type
Leadership
Eric Nussbaumer, SP/PS
Since 4 December 2023
First Vice President
Maja Riniker, FDP/PLR
Since 4 December 2023
Second Vice President
Pierre-André Page, SVP/UDC
Since 4 December 2023
Structure
Seats 200
250px
Political groups
     SVP/UDC (62)
     SP/PS (41)
     The Centre (29)
     FDP/PLR (28)
     GPS/PES (23)
     GLP/PVL (10)
     MCG (2)
     EVP/PEV (2)
     EDU/UDF (2)
     Ticino League (1)
Length of term
 4 years
Elections
Party-list proportional representation
(Hagenbach-Bischoff system)
Last election
 22 October 2023
Next election
 October 2027
Meeting place
File:Chamber Swiss National Council.jpg
Federal Palace, Bern
Website
www.parlament.ch/en/organe/national-council

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The National Council (Script error: The function "langx" does not exist.; Script error: The function "langx" does not exist.; Script error: The function "langx" does not exist.; Script error: The function "langx" does not exist.) is the lower house of the Federal Assembly, with the upper house being the Council of States. Containing 200 seats, the National Council is the larger of the two houses.[1]

Adult citizens elect the council's members, who are called National Councillors, for four year terms. These members are apportioned to the Swiss cantons in proportion to their population.[1] Both houses meet in the Federal Palace of Switzerland in Bern.[2]

Organisation

With 200 members, the National Council is the larger house of the Swiss legislature. It represents the people, the vote of each citizen having more or less the same weight, whereas the Council of States represents the cantons - each of them having the same weight, regardless of its population.[3]

When the Swiss federation was founded in 1848, the number of seats was not yet fixed, and was thus determined by the population of the individual cantons. According to the provisions of the federal constitution at that time, a canton was to receive one National Council member for every 20,000 citizens. Thus, the first National Council, which met in 1848, had 111 members.

In 1963, the number of members was fixed at 200. The division of the seats between the individual cantons is determined by each canton's percentage of the national population, as revealed in the national census (including foreign residents), using the largest remainder method. A change in the division of the seats occurred in 2003, as a result of the 2000 census.

Every canton is entitled to at least one seat in the National Council.

Unlike the upper house where no translation is provided, simultaneous translation is provided into German, French, and Italian, but not Romansh.[4]

Electoral system

Under the Swiss Federal Constitution, elections for the National Council are held every four years by the Swiss people.[5] The most recent election took place on Sunday, 22 October 2023.

Since a popular initiative in 1918, elections have been by proportional representation, in which each canton forms an electoral district (Wahlkreis). There is no election threshold. Since 1971 women have been entitled to vote and stand in National Council elections.

Since the reform of the census system and the adoption of the use of government administrative data for determining the population in 2007, the distribution of the seats in the National Council between the cantons has been based on the permanent resident population (including residents who are not entitled to vote) in the year following the most recent federal election.[6] There is a proviso that each canton is entitled to at least one seat.

The number of seats given to the cantons which are entitled to more than one seat is determined using the largest remainder method. Cantons which are only entitled to send one councillor to the National Council elect the candidate who wins a majority of votes.

The cantons use a unique system of proportional representation, sometimes called a "free list". Each citizen may cast as many votes as there are seats available to their constituency, and may even cast up to two votes for the same candidate. For every vote received by a candidate, that candidate's party also receives a vote. Voters also list a party vote, in which all blank candidate votes contribute towards the party's total. In elections, political parties publish lists in the cantons with their candidates. Each list contains at most the number of candidates which the canton is entitled to send to the National Council. In addition, each party can produce multiple lists to the canton (e.g. men's, women's, youth, or seniors' lists; in larger cantons they might offer lists for individual cities or districts). It is also possible for several parties to enter a single shared list. Voters may choose a pre-prepared party list without making changes or they can alter it by cumulative voting or panachage. Thus, the voter can give his vote to a specific candidate and ignore the rest of that candidate's party. Alternatively, it is possible for the voter to split his or her vote among several candidates from different parties.


Election results for the National Council, 2019[7]

The seats are then apportioned using the Hagenbach-Bischoff System. This system is unique in that it allows voters to split their vote across different parties, depending on which candidate the voter prefers.[8]

Fictional voter

To determine a party's strength, the notion of "fictional voter" was introduced and is defined by the Swiss Federal Statistical Institute as: number of votes obtained by party A * (number of valid ballots / number of valid votes). Individual voters can choose to make fewer than the permissible number of votes. The number of valid votes / number of valid ballots closely matches the number of deputies a canton needs to elect. More exactly, this number represents the average number of valid votes per voter. The formula can then be summed up by: number of votes obtained by party A / average of valid votes per voters.

The result is the number of fictional voters for a given party in a given canton. A total number of fictional voters can then be established and the party strength can be deduced.

The number of deputies in each party is determined at the cantonal level using proportional representation with the Hagenbach-Bischoff system (except in single-member cantons.) The election's turnout is computed as: number of valid ballots cast / number of registered voters.

Role

Federal Palace of Switzerland, Bern
File:Vorzimmer Nationalrat Wintersession 2006.jpg
The antechamber of the National Council hall
File:Nationalratssaal während Session.jpg
National Council hall during a session

The role and powers of the National Council are regulated by the Parliament Act (ParlA) and the Title 5[9] of the Swiss Federal Constitution. The National Council, together with the Council of States, forms the Federal Parliament and exercises the highest legal authority in Switzerland, subject to the rights of the people and the cantons.[10] Both chambers of the Federal Parliament are called "councils" (Räte). The National Council and the Council of States do not meet daily, but meet regularly for sessions.[11] Usually, there are four sessions in a year, each lasting three weeks, with between two and five sittings per week. The spring session (Frühjahrssession) begins on the first Monday in March, the summer session (Sommersession) on the first Monday in June, the Autumn session (Herbstsession) after the Federal Day, and the winter session (Wintersession) on the last Monday in November.[12] During the sessions, proposed legislation is debated. If there is not enough time in the regular sessions, an extra session can be convened.[13] In special situations (political crises, wars, etc.) a quarter of the members of one of the two councils or the Federal Council can convene an extraordinary session.[13] To date, there have been eight extraordinary sessions, most of them called by the social democratic parliamentary group.

Extraordinary sessions of the National Council
Date Reason/event
July 1891 Introduction of the federal currency monopoly
6–7 February 1985 Response to Forest dieback
9–11 October 1986 Energy policy after the Chernobyl disaster
22–23 January 1998 Tax loopholes and merger/economic policy (merger of UBS and SBV)
16 November 2001 Financing Swissair
3 October 2002 minimum interest rate ("employment pension")
1 October 2007 Tax issues
8 December 2008 Financial crisis
4–8 May 2020 COVID-19 pandemic

Powers

The National Council and the Council of States are constitutionally completely equal - a bill is only law when it has been accepted by both councils in the same version. All business is considered by both councils in turn. The presidents of the councils decide together which council will handle a given matter first (Erstrat).

Sometimes, after the first reading, the National Council and the Council of States end up producing different texts, in which case a difference resolution procedure takes place, in which the bill is sent back and forth between the two councils. After a bill has been sent back three successive times, the two councils must meet together to discuss the matter.

Each year the National Council elects a President of the National Council (de), who leads sessions of the National Council and joint sessions of the National Council and the Council of States. This office is distinct from and ranks lower than the President of the Swiss Confederation.

Committees

  • Foreign Affairs Committee (FAC)
  • Committee for Science, Education and Culture (CSEC)
  • Committee for Social Security and Health (CSSH)
  • Committee for the Environment, Spatial Planning and Energy (CESPE)
  • Defence Committee (DefC)
  • Committee for Transportation and Telecommunications (CTT)
  • Committee for Economic Affairs and Taxation (CEAT)
  • Political Institutions Committees (PIC)
  • Committee for Legal Affairs (CLA)
  • Committee for Public Buildings (CPB)

Supervisory committees

  • Finance Committee (FC)
  • Control Committees (CC)
  • Parliamentary investigation committees (PIC)

Other committees

  • Committee on Pardons
  • Rehabilitation Committee
  • Drafting Committee
  • Judicial Committee

Members per canton

File:Swiss National Council seat share by party.svg
Development of composition of the Swiss National Council, 1919–2023
Abbr. Canton Number of seats Population (2009) Population per seat Voting power[lower-alpha 1]
ZH  Zurich 35 1,406,083 40,174 49,212,905
BE  Bern 24 985,046 39,402 23,641,104
LU  Lucerne 10 381,966 38,197 3,819,660
UR  Uri 1 35,382 35,382 35,382
SZ  Schwyz 4 147,904 36,976 591,616
OW  Obwalden 1 35,878 35,878 35,878
NW  Nidwalden 1 41,311 41,311 41,311
GL  Glarus 1 39,217 39,217 39,217
ZG  Zug 3 113,597 37,866 340,791
FR  Fribourg 7 284,668 40,667 1,992,676
SO  Solothurn 6 259,836 43,306 1,559,016
BS  Basel-Stadt 5 194,090 38,818 970,450
BL  Basel-Landschaft 7 277,973 39,710 1,945,811
SH  Schaffhausen 2 77,139 38,570 154,278
AR  Appenzell Ausserrhoden 1 53,313 53,313 53,313
AI  Appenzell Innerrhoden 1 15,789 15,789 15,789
SG  St. Gallen 12 483,101 40,258 5,797,212
GR  Grisons 5 193,388 38,678 966,940
AG  Aargau 16 624,681 39,043 9,994,896
TG  Thurgau 6 254,528 42,421 1,527,168
TI  Ticino 8 336,943 42,118 2,695,544
VD  Vaud 18 725,944 40,330 13,066,992
VS  Valais 8 317,022 39,628 2,536,176
NE  Neuchâtel 4 173,183 43,296 692,732
GE  Geneva 12 472,530 42,957 5,670,360
JU  Jura 2 70,542 35,271 141,084
Overall 200 8,001,054 40,005 127,538,301

See also

Notes

  1. ↑ Under Switzerland's panachage system, each voter has as many votes as there are seats in the canton.

References

  1. ↑ 1.0 1.1 Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
  2. ↑ Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
  3. ↑ Pierre Cormon, Swiss Politics for Complete Beginners, Editions Slatkine, 2014, ISBN 978-2-8321-0607-5, p. 28 Archived 4 November 2014 at the Wayback Machine
  4. ↑ The art of interpreting in Switzerland's polyglot parliament, SwissInfo, 26 September 2019
  5. ↑ Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
  6. ↑ Bundesgesetz über die politischen Rechte (SR 161.1), Art. 161 „Verteilung der Sitze auf die Kantone“, in effect since 1 January 2008.
  7. ↑ Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
  8. ↑ Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
  9. ↑ Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
  10. ↑ Art. 148 BV
  11. ↑ Art. 151 BV
  12. ↑ parlament.ch: Faktenblatt zu den Sessionen (PDF) Archived 10 October 2010 at the Wayback Machine
  13. ↑ 13.0 13.1 Art. 2 ParlG

Bibliography

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External links

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