Packhorse bridge
A packhorse bridge is a bridge intended to carry packhorses (horses loaded with sidebags or panniers) across a river or stream. Typically a packhorse bridge consists of one or more narrow (one horse wide) masonry arches, and has low parapets so as not to interfere with the horse's panniers.[1] Multi-arched examples sometimes have triangular cutwaters that are extended upwards to form pedestrian refuges.[2]:24–25
Packhorse bridges were often built on the trade routes (often called packhorse routes) that formed major transport arteries across Europe and Great Britain until the coming of the turnpike roads and canals in the 18th century.[1] Before the road-building efforts of Napoleon, all crossings of the Alps were on packhorse trails.[3] Travellers' carriages were dismantled and transported over the mountain passes by ponies and mule trains.
Contents
Definition
In the British Isles at least, the definition of a packhorse bridge is somewhat nebulous. Ernest Hinchliffe discusses the difficulty of defining a true packhorse bridge in A Guide to the Packhorse Bridges of England.[2] He claims that "before the eighteenth century bridges were described as 'horse bridges' or 'cart bridges'" and his strict definition excludes the latter. He suggests that a classic packhorse bridge should generally be:
- less than 6 feet (1.8 m) in width;
- built before 1800;
- on a recognised packhorse route.
He categorises the 190 English bridges listed in his book into three groups:
- Group 1: 6 feet (1.8 m) wide or less, built before 1800 and with known packhorse associations;
- Group 2: bridges that fail one or other of the above criteria, but which are generally referred to as packhorse bridges;
- Group 3: bridges sometimes claimed as packhorse bridges but dismissed as such by the author.[2]:6–7
The difficulty of classification is illustrated by Moulton Bridge in Suffolk, which Hinchliffe places in Group 1 but which English Heritage describe as "perhaps not strictly a packhorse bridge since it was wide enough to take carts".[4]
List of packhorse bridges in the British Isles
The following list includes all Listed Buildings described as packhorse bridges by English Heritage, Cadw or Historic Scotland; all 106 of Hinchliffe's Group 1 bridges in England; and certain other candidates. (For England, Hinchliffe's Group numbers are given as superscripts after the bridge name.)
England
County | Location | NameGroup | Photograph | Crosses | Notes |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
Bedfordshire | Sutton Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found. |
Sutton Packhorse Bridge1 | Potton Brook | Medieval with later repairs; two pointed arches. Grade II* listed,[5] Scheduled Ancient Monument.[6] | |
Cheshire | Crowton Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found. |
Acton Brook | Single segmental arch. Carries public bridleway. | ||
Cheshire | Hockenhull Platts Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found. |
Roman Bridges1 |
Error creating thumbnail: File missing
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River Gowy | Three bridges, "probably late 18th-century"[7] or "late 17th-century".[8] Grade II listed.[7][9] The three bridges carry a public byway. |
Cheshire | Quarry Bank Mill, Styal Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found. |
The Packhorse Bridge | River Bollin | 1820, single segmental arch. Grade II listed.[10] Carries a public byway. | |
Cheshire/Derbyshire | Three Shire Heads Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found. |
Three Shire Heads Bridge2 | River Dane | Probably late 18th-century; single span. Grade II listed.[11] Carries public byway. | |
Cornwall | Bowithick Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found. |
Bowithick Bridge | Penpont Water | Probably early 19th-century; three stone arches, one larger and two small. Grade II listed.[12] | |
Cornwall | Launceston Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found. |
West Bridge (Prior's Bridge) | River Kensey | Late medieval; five-span bridge with two cut-waters. Grade I listed.[13] | |
Cumbria | Ambleside Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found. |
High Sweden Bridge1 | Scandale Beck | Late 17th-century; single-span. Grade II listed.[14] Carries public footpath. | |
Cumbria | Barbon Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found. |
High Beckfoot Bridge1 | Barbon Beck | Probably late 17th- or 18th-century; described as "ruinous" in 1725.[8] Single-span. Grade II listed.[15] Carries public bridleway. | |
Cumbria | Dean Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found. |
Calva Hall packhorse bridge1 | River Marron | Dated 1697;[2]:38 single-span. Grade II listed.[16] | |
Cumbria | Drigg Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found. |
Drigg Holme Packhorse Bridge1 | River Irt | Single-span. Scheduled Ancient Monument.[17] Carries public bridleway. | |
Cumbria | Eskdale Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found. |
Doctor[s] Bridge2 | River Esk | Probably 17th-century, widened in 1734. Grade II listed.[18] Carries public road. | |
Cumbria | Gaisgill Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found. |
Barugh Bridge1 | Rais Gill | Probably 18th-century, but maybe earlier. Grade II listed.[19] Carries public byway. | |
Cumbria | Knock Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found. |
Swindale Beck | Possibly 17th-century; single segmental arch. Grade II listed.[20] | ||
Cumbria | Little Langdale Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found. |
Slater[s] Bridge1 | River Brathay | 17th-century; two clapper slabs and a single arch. Grade II* listed.[21] Carries public footpath. | |
Cumbria | Lowgill Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found. |
Lowgill Packhorse Bridge | Lowgill Beck | Probably 17th- or 18th-century; single-span. Grade II listed.[22] | |
Cumbria | Pennington Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found. |
Devil's Bridge1 | Rathmoss Beck | 17th- or 18th-century; single-span. Grade II listed.[23] Alongside public road. | |
Cumbria | Sca Fell Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found. |
Lingcove or Throstlegarth Bridge1 | Lingcove Beck | Single arch. On Open Access land. | |
Cumbria | Seathwaite, Allerdale Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found. |
Stockley Bridge2 | Grains Gill | Early- or mid-18th-century; single span. Grade II listed.[24] Carries public bridleway. | |
Cumbria | Shap Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found. |
Parish Crag Bridge1 | Swindale Beck | Probably 18th-century; single span. Grade II listed.[25] Carries public footpath. | |
Cumbria | Shap Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found. |
Park Bridge2 | Haweswater Beck | 1860–69; single span.[26] Carries public footpath. | |
Cumbria | Stainton Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found. |
packhorse bridge1 | Stainton Beck | Probably 17th-century; single segmental arch. Grade II listed.[27] Adjacent to ford. | |
Cumbria | Ullock Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found. |
packhorse bridge1 | Black Beck | Single span.[2]:52 | |
Cumbria | Wasdale Head Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found. |
Row Bridge1 | Mosedale Beck | Probably 18th-century; single span. Grade II listed.[28] | |
Cumbria | Watendlath Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found. |
Watendlath Packhorse Bridge1 | Watendlath Beck | 18th-century; single span. Grade II listed.[29] Carries public bridleway. | |
Cumbria | Wilton Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found. |
Monk's Bridge1 | River Calder | Probably 17th- or 18th-century; single span. Also known as High Wath Bridge, Mattie Benn's Bridge, Hannah Benn Bridge and Roman Bridge.[2]:46 Grade II listed.[30] | |
Cumbria | Winster Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found. |
tributary of River Winster | Probably 17th-century. Grade II listed.[31] Adjacent to A5074 road. | ||
Cumbria | Winster Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found. |
Winster Bridge1 | River Winster | 1729 with 20th-century parapet; single span. Grade II listed.[32] | |
Derbyshire | Ashford-in-the-Water Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found. |
Sheepwash Bridge2 | River Wye | 18th-century; three low arches, with integral walled sheep pen on southern bank. Grade II* listed,[33] Scheduled Ancient Monument. | |
Derbyshire | Bakewell Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found. |
Holme Bridge1 |
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River Wye | 1664; five segmental arches. Grade I listed,[34] Scheduled Ancient Monument.[35] Carries public bridleway. |
Derbyshire | Edale Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found. |
Gibraltar Bridge1 | Grindsbrook | 18th-century; single span. Grade II listed.[36] Carries public footpath. | |
Derbyshire | Edale Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found. |
Youngate or Jacob's Ladder Bridge1 | River Noe | Possibly 17th-century; single span. Grade II listed.[37] Carries public bridleway (part of the Pennine Way). | |
Derbyshire | nr Errwood Hall Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found. |
Goyts Bridge1 | River Goyt | Moved to current position in 1968 from Goyt's Bridge hamlet. In open access land. | |
Derbyshire | Hayfield Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found. |
Bowden Bridge1 | River Kinder | Probably 18th-century; single-span. Grade II listed.[38] Carries public footpath. | |
Derbyshire/Staffordshire | Hollinsclough Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found. |
Hopping Packhorse Bridge1 | River Dove | Single semicircular arch.[2]:114–115 Carries public bridleway. | |
Derbyshire/Staffordshire | Hollinsclough Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found. |
Washgate Bridge1 | River Dove | Early 18th-century; single-span. Grade II listed, "A rare example of a perfectly preserved packhorse bridge."[39] Carries public byway. | |
Derbyshire/South Yorkshire | Howden Reservoir Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found. |
Slippery Stones Bridge2 | River Derwent | 1672; two segmental arches. Rebuilt 1959 after relocation from Derwent village. Grade II listed,[40] Scheduled Ancient Monument.[41] Carries public bridleway. | |
Derbyshire | Lea Hall Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found. |
Bradbourne Brook | 17th-century or earlier; single pointed arch. Formerly Grade II listed, now delisted.[42] On private land. | ||
Derbyshire/South Yorkshire | Longdendale Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found. |
Ladyshaw Bridge | Salter's Brook | 17th-century; single-span. Carries public byway, part of the Trans-Pennine Trail. | |
Derbyshire/Staffordshire | Milldale Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found. |
Viator's Bridge1 | River Dove | 17th-century or earlier; two segmental arches. Grade II listed.[43] Carries public footpath. Mentioned in The Compleat Angler (1653) by Izaak Walton. | |
Derbyshire | Youlgreave Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found. |
Bradford Packhorse Bridge1 | River Bradford | 18th-century, single segmental arch. Grade II listed.[44] Carries public bridleway. | |
Derbyshire | Youlgreave Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found. |
Coalpit Bridge1 | River Lathkill | Mid-18th-century; three segmental arches. Grade II listed.[45] Carries public bridleway. | |
Devon | Brendon Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found. |
Packhorse Bridge | East Lyn River | Probably 17th- or 18th-century; single round arch. Grade II listed.[46] | |
Devon | Drewsteignton Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found. |
Fingle Bridge | River Teign | 17th-century Grade II* listed three-arch granite bridge carrying unclassified road with pedestrian refuges over cutwaters.[47] | |
Devon | Membury Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found. |
Beckford Bridge1 | River Yarty | 18th- or 19th-century; single-span. Grade II listed,[48] Scheduled Ancient Monument.[49] | |
Devon | Sidford Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found. |
Sidford Bridge1 | River Sid | Said to be 12th-century. Grade II listed. Parapets of original packhorse bridge incorporated into widened road bridge of 1930 carrying A3052 road.[50] | |
Devon | Westcott Barton Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found. |
Knowl Water | Probably 18th- or early 19th-century. Grade II listed.[51] Carries public footpath. | ||
Dorset | near Corfe Castle Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found. |
Sharford Bridge1 | Corfe River | Scheduled Ancient Monument.[52] Carries public bridleway. | |
Dorset | Fifehead Neville Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found. |
Fifehead Neville Packhorse Bridge1 | River Divelish | Probably medieval. Grade II listed; two pointed arches.[53] Carries footpath alongside ford on public road. | |
Dorset | Gussage St Michael Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found. |
packhorse bridge | River Allen | Probably 18th-century; single semicircular arch. Grade II listed.[54] Carries public footpath. | |
Dorset | Holwell Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found. |
packhorse bridge1 | Caundle Brook | Probably medieval, with 19th- and 20th-century alterations. Grade II listed.[55] Carries public bridleway. | |
Dorset | Rampisham Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found. |
packhorse bridge1 | River Frome | 16th- or 17th-century alterations; three pointed arches. Grade II listed.[56] Carries public bridleway. | |
Dorset | Sturminster Marshall Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found. |
packhorse bridge1 | River Winterborne | 17th-century; single cambered arch. Grade II listed.[57] Carries public bridleway. | |
Dorset | Tarrant Monkton Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found. |
packhorse bridge1 | River Tarrant | Probably 17th-century; 3 segmental arches. Grade II listed.[58] Alongside ford on public road. | |
Durham | Bowes Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found. |
Nabb Bridge1 | Deepdale Beck | 1699 per datestone (contra English Heritage listing, which says "Mid C18"); single segmental arch. Grade II listed.[59] | |
Durham | Brafferton Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found. |
Ketton Packhorse Bridge1 | River Skerne | Late 17th- or early 18th-century; single segmental arch. Grade II listed.[60] | |
Durham | Cornsay Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found. |
Pan Burn | Possibly early 18th-century; single wide segmental arch. Grade II listed.[61] On private land. | ||
Durham | Egglestone Abbey Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found. |
Bow Bridge1 | Thorsgill Beck | 17th-century; single round arch.[2]:56 Grade II listed.[62] | |
Durham | Headlam Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found. |
packhorse bridge1 | Headlam or Dyance Beck | Probably 18th-century; single round arch. Grade II listed.[63] | |
Durham | West Hope Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found. |
West Hope Packhorse Bridge1 | Hill or Waitgill Beck | Single segmental arch.[2]:59 | |
Essex | Feering Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found. |
Roman Arches | River Blackwater | c.1750; seven brick arches. Under restoration.[64] | |
Gloucestershire | Slad Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found. |
packhorse bridge1 | Dillay Brook | Carries public footpath. | |
Gloucestershire/Warwickshire | Todenham Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found. |
packhorse bridge1 | Knee Brook | Possibly 16th-century in origin, rebuilt 18th century; two semicircular arches. Grade II listed.[65] Carries public bridleway. | |
Gloucestershire | Wickwar Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found. |
Sturt Bridge1 | Little Avon River | Also known as Roman Arch. Probably late medieval or 16th-/17th-century; two arches. Grade II listed.[66] Carries public footpath. | |
Greater Manchester | Prestolee Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found. |
Prestolee Bridge1 | River Irwell | Late 18th-century; five semicircular arches with cutwaters. Grade II listed.[67] | |
Greater Manchester | Strines Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found. |
Roman Bridge1 | River Goyt | 18th-century; single segmental span. Grade II listed.[68][69] Carries public bridleway. | |
Greater Manchester | Uppermill Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found. |
Diggle Brook | "Medieval". Adjacent to Oldham & Ripponden Trust Turnpike bridge (1864)[70] and Brownhill Bridge Mill, which is Grade II listed.[71] | ||
Kent | Eynsford Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found. |
Eynsford Bridge | River Darent | 17th-century, two round arches. Grade II listed.[72] | |
Lancashire | Barrowford Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found. |
Higherford Old Bridge2 | Pendle Water | 16th/17th-century, parapets added 1814–15; single span. Grade II* listed,[73] Scheduled Ancient Monument.[74] | |
Lancashire | Bleasdale Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found. |
Brooks Packhorse Bridge1 | River Brock | Single-span. Listed per Hinchliffe,[2]:61 but not in English Heritage listings. | |
Lancashire | Catlow Bottoms Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found. |
packhorse bridge1 | Catlow Brook | "Perhaps C17"; single semicircular arch. Grade II listed.[75] | |
Lancashire | Capernwray Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found. |
River Keer | Date uncertain; single semi-elliptical arch. Grade II listed.[76] | ||
Lancashire | Wycoller Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found. |
Wycoller Packhorse Bridge1 | Wycoller Beck | 17th-century or perhaps earlier; two segmental arches. Grade II* listed,[77] Scheduled Ancient Monument.[78] Carries a public footpath. | |
Leicestershire | Anstey Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found. |
Anstey Bridge1 | Rothley Brook | Also known as The Old Bridge. Dated by W.G.Hoskins as c. 1500, by Jervoise as late 17th-century, and by English Heritage as 16th/17th-century;[2]:121 five arches. Grade II* listed,[79] Scheduled Ancient Monument.[80] Carries public footpath. | |
Leicestershire | Anstey Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found. |
King William's Bridge3 | Rothley Brook | Probably 17th-century; two round arches. Grade II listed.[81] Carries public bridleway. | |
Leicestershire | Aylestone Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found. |
Aylestone Old Bridge1 | River Soar | Also known as the Roman Bridge. Probably 15th-century; eleven small arches (eight on bridge, three on causeway). Grade II* listed,[82] Scheduled Ancient Monument.[83] | |
Leicestershire | Medbourne Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found. |
packhorse bridge1 | Medbourne Brook | Possibly 13th-century; four arches. Scheduled Ancient Monument.[84] | |
Leicestershire | Rearsby Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found. |
Seven Arch Bridge1 | Rearsby Brook | Pevsner says medieval, but datestone says 1714; seven semicircular arches, one almost buried. Grade II listed.[85] | |
Leicestershire | Thurcaston Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found. |
Sandham Bridge1 | Rothley Brook | Three similar bridges between Thurcaston and Cropston: Sandham Bridge (Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.) and Coffin Bridge (Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.), both with two arches, and a third, single-span, bridge at Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.. All three are 16th- or 17th-century and separately Grade II listed.[86][87][88] | |
Lincolnshire | Utterby Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found. |
Utterby Packhorse Bridge1 | 14th-century; double chamfered cambered arch. Grade II* listed'[89] | ||
Lincolnshire | West Rasen Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found. |
Bishop's Bridge1 | River Rase | 15th-century; three segmental arches. Grade II* listed,[90] Scheduled Ancient Monument.[91] | |
Norfolk | Walsingham Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found. |
packhorse bridge1 | River Stiffkey | Original date unknown, probably reconstructed late 19th century; four small arches. Grade II listed.[92] In grounds of Walsingham Abbey. | |
Northamptonshire | Charwelton Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found. |
Charwelton Bridge1 | River Cherwell | Probably 15th-century; two pointed arches. Grade II listed,[93] Scheduled Ancient Monument.[94] Carries roadside pavement. | |
Northumberland | Ovingham Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found. |
Ovingham Packhorse Bridge1 | Whittle Burn | 18th-century per English Heritage (Hinchliffe says 1698[2]:65); two segmental arches. Grade II listed.[95] | |
North Yorkshire | Aldbrough St John Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found. |
packhorse bridge1 | Aldbrough Beck | Possibly 16th- or 17th-century; three segmental pointed arches. Grade II listed.[96] Carries public footpath. | |
North Yorkshire | Birstwith Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found. |
New Bridge1 | River Nidd | Also known as Haxby Bridge. 1822; single-span. Grade II listed.[97] Carries public right-of-way. | |
North Yorkshire | Boltby Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found. |
packhorse bridge1 | Gurtof Beck | Single semicircular arch.[2]:67 | |
North Yorkshire | Clapham Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found. |
Brokken Bridge1 | Clapham Beck | Probably 18th-century; single segmental arch.[98] Carries public footpath. | |
North Yorkshire | Croft-on-Tees Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found. |
Clow Beck Packhorse Bridge1 | Clow Beck | Possibly 15th-century; two segmental arches on differing alignments. Grade II listed.[99] Carries public bridleway. | |
North Yorkshire | Glaisdale Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found. |
Beggars Bridge2 | River Esk | 1619; single segmental arch. Grade II* listed.[100] Carries public footpath. | |
North Yorkshire | Hampsthwaite Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found. |
Cockhill Packhorse Bridge1 | Cockhill Beck | Probably 17th-century; single small semicircular arch. Grade II listed.[101] | |
North Yorkshire | Hubberholme Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found. |
Crook Gill Bridge1 | Crook Gill | Single segmental arch.[2]:72 | |
North Yorkshire | Ivelet Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found. |
Ivelet Bridge2 | River Swale | Late 16th-century; single semicircular arch. Grade II* listed.[102] | |
North Yorkshire | Knox nr Harrogate Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found. |
Knox or Spruisty Bridge1 | Oak Beck | 17th- or 18th-century; single slightly pointed arch. Grade II listed.[103] | |
North Yorkshire | Linton Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found. |
Redmayne Packhorse Bridge1 | Linton or Eller Beck | Late 17th- or early 18th-century; single shallow arch with additional flood arch. Grade II listed.[104] Carries public byway alongside ford. | |
North Yorkshire | Norwood Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found. |
Dob Park Bridge1 | River Washburn | Probably early 17th-century; single segmental arch. Grade II listed.[105] Carries public byway. | |
North Yorkshire | Pickering Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found. |
Ings Bridge1 | Pickering Beck | Probably early 19th-century; single segmental arch. Grade II listed.[106] Adjacent to public road. | |
North Yorkshire | Ravenseat, Swaledale Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found. |
Ravenseat Bridge1 | Whitsundale Beck | 18th-century; single segmental arch. Grade II listed.[107] Carries farm access. | |
North Yorkshire | Romanby Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found. |
Packhorse Bridge1 | Willow Beck | 16th-century, repaired 1621; single segmental arch. Grade II listed.[108] Carries public footpath. | |
North Yorkshire | Skipton Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found. |
Wilderness Beck | Probably 17th-century; single arch. Grade II listed.[109] Carries public footpath. | ||
North Yorkshire | Sowerby Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found. |
Town End Bridge1 | Cod Beck | Also known as World's End Bridge. 1672; single segmental arch. Grade II listed.[110] Carries public footpath. | |
North Yorkshire | Spofforth Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found. |
packhorse bridge | River Crimple | 18th-century; single arch. Grade II listed.[111] | |
North Yorkshire | Stokesley Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found. |
Taylorson's Bridge1 | River Leven | 17th- or early 18th-century; single round arch. Grade II listed.[112] | |
North Yorkshire | Thornthwaite Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found. |
Thornthwaite Packhorse Bridge1 | Fall or Padside or Darley Beck | Single segmental span. Scheduled Ancient Monument.[113] | |
North Yorkshire | Westerdale Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found. |
Hunter's Sty (Stee) Bridge2 | River Esk | 13th-century, restored 1874; single round span. Scheduled Ancient Monument.[114] Carries public footpath. | |
North Yorkshire | Yockenthwaite Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found. |
Yockenthwaite Bridge2 | River Wharfe | Probably early 18th-century; single segmental arch. Grade II listed.[115] | |
Nottinghamshire | Ratcliffe-on-Soar Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found. |
Red Hill Lock Bridge | River Soar (Loughborough Navigation) |
Late 18th- or early 19th-century; single semicircular brick arch. Grade II listed.[116] Although described as such in the official listing, this canal bridge is not a packhorse bridge by most accepted definitions. | |
Shropshire | Clun Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found. |
Clun Bridge | River Clun | Probably 16th-century; five segmental arches. Grade II listed.[117] Carries A488 road. | |
Shropshire | Rushbury Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found. |
Rushbury Packhorse Bridge1 | Eaton Brook | 17th-century; single segmental arch. Grade II listed.[118] Carries public bridleway. | |
Somerset | Allerford Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found. |
Allerford Bridge1 | River Aller | Medieval; two segmental-headed arches. Grade II* listed,[119] Scheduled Ancient Monument.[120] Adjoins public road through ford. | |
Somerset | Bruton Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found. |
Bow Bridge, Plox1 | River Brue | Possibly 15th-century; single-span. Grade I listed,[121] Scheduled Ancient Monument.[122] | |
Somerset | Charterhouse Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found. |
17th- or 18th-century; single low segmental arch. Grade II listed.[123] | |||
Somerset | Chew Stoke Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found. |
packhorse bridge3 | Strode Brook | Two round arches. | |
Somerset | Chewton Keynsham Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found. |
Chewton Packhorse Bridge | River Chew | Early 18th-century; two segmental arches. Grade II listed,[124] Scheduled Ancient Monument.[125] Carries public byway. | |
Somerset | Dowlish Wake Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found. |
Dowlish Wake Packhorse Bridge | Dowlish Brook | 17th- or 18th-century rebuild of medieval bridge; four round arches (two inserted 1994–97 for flood relief purposes).[126] Grade II listed.[127] Carries public footpath alongside road. | |
Somerset | Dunster Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found. |
Gallox Bridge1 | River Avill | Possibly 15th-century; two round arches. Grade I listed,[128] Scheduled Ancient Monument. Carries public bridleway. | |
Somerset | Ilchester Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found. |
Pill Bridge1 | River Ivel | 17th-century; three semicircular arches. Grade II listed,[129] Scheduled Ancient Monument.[130] Carries public bridleway. | |
Somerset | Horner Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found. |
Hacketty Way Bridge1 | River Horner | Late medieval; single-span. Grade II* listed,[131] Scheduled Ancient Monument.[132] Carries public bridleway. | |
Somerset | West Luccombe Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found. |
West Luccombe packhorse bridge | River Horner | Late medieval; single-span. Grade II* listed,[133] Scheduled Ancient Monument.[134] Carries public footpath. | |
Somerset | Oare Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found. |
Malmsmead Bridge | Badgworthy Water | 17th–18th-century; two rounded arches. Grade II listed.[135] Carries public road. | |
Somerset | Oare Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found. |
Robber's Bridge | Weir Water | Carries public road. | |
Somerset | Queen Camel Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found. |
packhorse bridge1 | River Cam | Carries public footpath. | |
Somerset | Rode Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found. |
Scutt's Bridge1 | River Frome | Three semicircular arches. Grade II listed.[136] Carries public footpath. | |
Somerset | Tellisford Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found. |
Tellisford Bridge2 | River Frome | Three semicircular arches. Grade II listed.[137] Carries public footpath. | |
Somerset | Watchet Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found. |
Kentsford Bridge1 | Washford River | Probably late medieval; two segmental arches. Grade II listed.[138] Carries public footpath. | |
Somerset | Wellow Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found. |
Wellow Bridge | Wellow Brook | Late medieval; two round arches. Grade II listed.[139] Carries public footpath. | |
Somerset | Winsford Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found. |
Lyncombe Bridge | River Exe | 17th- or 18th-century, possibly earlier. Grade II listed.[140] | |
Somerset | Winsford Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found. |
Old Vicarage Bridge1 | River Exe | Medieval, restored 1952; two semicircular arches. Grade II listed.[141] Carries public footpath, just upstream of 19th-century road bridge (also called Vicarage Bridge). | |
Somerset | Winsford Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found. |
packhorse bridge1 | Winn Brook | Medieval, restored 1952; single semicircular arch. Grade II listed.[142] | |
South Yorkshire | Longshaw Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found. |
Burbage Brook Bridge1 | Burbage Brook | c. 1750; single segmental arch. Grade II listed.[143] On open access moorland, near to Carl Wark. | |
South Yorkshire | Oxspring Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found. |
Willow Bridge1 | River Don | Probably 17th-century; single slightly pointed arch. Grade II listed.[144] On public bridleway, part of the Trans-Pennine Trail. | |
South Yorkshire | Rivelin Valley Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found. |
packhorse bridge1 | River Rivelin | c. 1775; single elliptical arch. Grade II listed.[145] In Country Park. | |
South Yorkshire | Wharncliffe Side Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found. |
Glen Howe Packhorse Bridge2 | Tinker Brook | Formerly New Mill Bridge. 1734; single elliptical arch. Grade II listed.[146] In public park; resited during construction of Ewden Reservoir. | |
Staffordshire | Great Haywood Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found. |
Essex Bridge1 | River Trent | Probably 16th-century; fourteen round arches. Described as "perhaps the least altered old bridge in the county"[147] and "the longest packhorse bridge in the country".[2]:129 Grade I listed,[147] Scheduled Ancient Monument.[148] Carries public bridleway. | |
Staffordshire | Tamworth Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found. |
The Old Bolebridge | River Anker | No longer extant; demolished c.1878–79.[149] | |
Suffolk | Cavenham Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found. |
Stone Bridge2 | tributary of River Lark | Probably 16th-century; single segmental brick arch. Grade II listed.[150] Adjacent to public road. | |
Suffolk | Moulton Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found. |
Moulton Packhorse Bridge1 | River Kennett | ca. 1446[151] with 18th-century alterations;[4] four pointed arches. Grade II* listed,[152] Scheduled Ancient Monument.[153] Carries public footpath. | |
Surrey | Ewell Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found. |
The Packhorse Bridge | Hogsmill River | 18th-century; single semicircular brick arch. Grade II listed.[154] | |
Surrey | Gomshall Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found. |
River Tillingbourne | 15th-century; three arches. Grade II listed.[155] | ||
Warwickshire | Shustoke Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found. |
Blyth Hall Packhorse Bridge | River Blythe | 18th-century; three semicircular arches. Grade II listed.[156] | |
West Midlands | Hampton-in-Arden Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found. |
Hampton-in-Arden packhorse bridge2 | River Blythe | 15th-century; three stone and two brick arches. Grade II* listed,[157] Scheduled Ancient Monument.[158] | |
West Yorkshire | Bingley Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found. |
Beckfoot Bridge1 | Harden Beck | c.1723; single-span. Grade II listed.[159] Carries public footpath. | |
West Yorkshire | Clayton West Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found. |
Park Mill Bridge1 | River Dearne | Probably 18th-century; single-span. Grade II listed.[160] Carries public right-of-way. | |
West Yorkshire | Colden Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found. |
Strines Bridge1 | Colden Water | Possibly 17th-century; single segmental arch. Grade II listed.[161] Carries public footpath. | |
West Yorkshire | Goose Eye Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found. |
Dean Beck | Date unknown; single arch. Grade II listed.[162] Adjacent to clapper bridge; carries public bridleway. | ||
West Yorkshire | Haworth Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found. |
Long Bridge1 | River Worth | Date uncertain; single-span. Grade II listed.[163] Carries public footpath. | |
West Yorkshire | Hebden Bridge Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found. |
The Old Bridge2 | Hebden Water | Also known as Hepton Brig.[2]:93 c.1510; three segmental arches. Grade II* listed.[164] Carries public right-of-way. | |
West Yorkshire | Loxley Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found. |
River Loxley | Probably 18th-century, restored 1864. Grade II listed.[165] | ||
West Yorkshire | Marsden Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found. |
Close Gate Bridge1 | Haigh Clough | 17th- or 18th-century; single-span. Grade II* listed.[166] | |
West Yorkshire | Marsden Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found. |
Mellor Bridge1 | River Colne | 17th- or 18th-century; single-span. Grade II* listed.[167] Carries public footpath. | |
West Yorkshire | Meanwood Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found. |
Meanwood Beck | Early 18th-century. Grade II listed, "a rare survival of a pack-horse bridge sited within a suburban setting".[168] | ||
West Yorkshire | Oxenhope Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found. |
North Ives or Donkey Bridge1 | Bridgehouse Beck | Date uncertain; single steeply arched span. Grade II listed.[169] Carries public footpath. | |
West Yorkshire | Rishworth Moor Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found. |
Oxygrains Old Bridge2 | Oxygrains Clough | Probably early 17th-century;[170] single-span. Scheduled Ancient Monument.[171] On Access Land. | |
West Yorkshire | Stanbury Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found. |
Lumbfoot Bridge1 | River Worth | Date uncertain; single-span. Grade II listed.[172] Carries public footpath. | |
West Yorkshire | Wakefield Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found. |
Little Bridge1 | River Calder | Probably 18th-century; three elliptical arches. Grade II listed.[173] | |
West Yorkshire | Wadsworth Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found. |
Lumb Bridge1 | Crimsworth Dean Beck | Probably early 18th-century; single-span. Grade II listed.[174] Carries public bridleway. | |
Wiltshire | Coombe Bissett Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found. |
packhorse bridge2 | River Ebble | Medieval, widened in the 19th century; three low two-centred arches. Grade II listed.[175] Carries public footpath. | |
Wiltshire | Melksham Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found. |
packhorse bridge1 | River Avon | 1725; four segmental arches. Grade II listed.[176] Carries public footpath. | |
Worcestershire | Astley Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found. |
New Bridge | Dick Brook | Late 18th- or early 19th-century, possibly earlier, single arch. Grade II listed.[177] Carries public bridleway. | |
Worcestershire | Shell Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found. |
Shell Packhorse Bridge1 | Shell or Bow Brook | 17th-century or earlier, two round arches. Grade II listed.[178] Adjacent to ford on public road. |
Isle of Man
County | Location | Name | Photograph | Crosses | Notes |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
Isle of Man | Ballasalla Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found. |
Crossag or Monks' Bridge | Silver Burn | c. 1350; two slightly pointed arches. "It is believed to be the best example of [a] medieval bridge in the British Isles."[179] |
Scotland
County | Location | Name | Photograph | Crosses | Notes |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
Borders | Stow of Wedale Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found. |
Luggate Water Bridge | Gala Water | c.1790; three segmental arches. Grade B listed.[180] | |
Highland | Carrbridge Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found. |
Carr Bridge | River Dulnain | 1717; single-span. Grade B listed,[181] Scheduled Ancient Monument.[182] | |
Highland | John o' Groats Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found. |
Huna Burn | 1651; single-span. Grade B listed.[183] | ||
South Lanarkshire | East Kilbride Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found. |
Craig Mill Packhorse Bridge | White Cart Water | Single-span. Grade B listed.[184] |
Wales
County | Location | Name | Photograph | Crosses | Notes |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
Blaenau Gwent | Aberbeeg Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found. |
Ebbw Fach River | Grade II listed.[185] | ||
Conwy | Penmachno Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found. |
Roman Bridge | River Machno | Grade II listed.[186] | |
Flintshire | Caergwrle Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found. |
Caergwrle Packhorse Bridge | River Alyn | Mid-17th-century; "one of the finest examples in Wales".[187] Grade II listed.[188] | |
Flintshire | Ffrith Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found. |
Ffrith Bridge | River Cegidog | Probably 18th-century; single-span. Grade II listed, Scheduled Ancient Monument.[189] | |
Gwynedd | Dyffryn Ardudwy Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found. |
Pont Scethin | River Ysgethin | Probably 18th-century; single arch. Scheduled Ancient Monument.[190] | |
Gwynedd | Minllyn Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found. |
Pont Minllyn | River Dovey | Probably 17th-century; two segmental arches. Grade II listed,[191] Scheduled Ancient Monument.[192] | |
Powys | Llangenny Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found. |
Grwyne Fawr | Grade II listed.[193] | ||
Swansea | Cheriton Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found. |
Kittlehill Packhorse Bridge | Burry Pill | Grade II listed.[194] |
![]() |
Wikimedia Commons has media related to Packhorse bridges. |
References
- ↑ 1.0 1.1 Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
- ↑ 2.00 2.01 2.02 2.03 2.04 2.05 2.06 2.07 2.08 2.09 2.10 2.11 2.12 2.13 2.14 2.15 Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
- ↑ Maxwell G. Lay, Ways of the World: A History of the World's Roads (Rutgers University Press) 1992:23–25; 96.
- ↑ 4.0 4.1 Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
- ↑ Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
- ↑ Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
- ↑ 7.0 7.1 Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
- ↑ 8.0 8.1 Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
- ↑ Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
- ↑ Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
- ↑ Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
- ↑ Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
- ↑ Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
- ↑ Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
- ↑ Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
- ↑ Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
- ↑ Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
- ↑ Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
- ↑ Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
- ↑ Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
- ↑ Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
- ↑ Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
- ↑ Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
- ↑ Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
- ↑ Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
- ↑ Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
- ↑ Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
- ↑ Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
- ↑ Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
- ↑ Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
- ↑ Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
- ↑ Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
- ↑ Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
- ↑ Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
- ↑ Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
- ↑ Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
- ↑ Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
- ↑ Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
- ↑ Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
- ↑ Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
- ↑ Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
- ↑ Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
- ↑ Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
- ↑ Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
- ↑ Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
- ↑ Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
- ↑ Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
- ↑ Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
- ↑ Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
- ↑ Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
- ↑ Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
- ↑ Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
- ↑ Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
- ↑ Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
- ↑ Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
- ↑ Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
- ↑ Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
- ↑ Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
- ↑ Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
- ↑ Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
- ↑ Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
- ↑ Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
- ↑ Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
- ↑ Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
- ↑ Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
- ↑ Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
- ↑ Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
- ↑ Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
- ↑ Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
- ↑ Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
- ↑ Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
- ↑ Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
- ↑ Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
- ↑ Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
- ↑ Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
- ↑ Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
- ↑ Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
- ↑ Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
- ↑ Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
- ↑ Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
- ↑ Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
- ↑ Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
- ↑ Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
- ↑ Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
- ↑ Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
- ↑ Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
- ↑ Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
- ↑ Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
- ↑ Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
- ↑ Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
- ↑ Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
- ↑ Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
- ↑ Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
- ↑ Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
- ↑ Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
- ↑ Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
- ↑ Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
- ↑ Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
- ↑ Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
- ↑ Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
- ↑ Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
- ↑ Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
- ↑ Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
- ↑ Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
- ↑ Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
- ↑ Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
- ↑ Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
- ↑ Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
- ↑ Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
- ↑ Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
- ↑ Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
- ↑ Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
- ↑ Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
- ↑ Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
- ↑ Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
- ↑ Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
- ↑ Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
- ↑ Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
- ↑ Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
- ↑ Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
- ↑ Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
- ↑ Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
- ↑ Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
- ↑ Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
- ↑ Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
- ↑ Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
- ↑ Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
- ↑ Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
- ↑ Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
- ↑ Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
- ↑ Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
- ↑ Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
- ↑ Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
- ↑ Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
- ↑ Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
- ↑ Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
- ↑ Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
- ↑ Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
- ↑ Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
- ↑ Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
- ↑ Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
- ↑ Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
- ↑ Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
- ↑ Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
- ↑ Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
- ↑ Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
- ↑ 147.0 147.1 Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
- ↑ Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
- ↑ Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
- ↑ Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
- ↑ Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
- ↑ Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
- ↑ Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
- ↑ Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
- ↑ Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
- ↑ Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
- ↑ Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
- ↑ Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
- ↑ Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
- ↑ Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
- ↑ Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
- ↑ Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
- ↑ Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
- ↑ Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
- ↑ Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
- ↑ Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
- ↑ Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
- ↑ Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
- ↑ Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
- ↑ Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
- ↑ Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
- ↑ Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
- ↑ Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
- ↑ Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
- ↑ Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
- ↑ Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
- ↑ Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
- ↑ Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
- ↑ Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
- ↑ Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
- ↑ Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
- ↑ Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
- ↑ Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
- ↑ Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
- ↑ Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
- ↑ Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
- ↑ Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
- ↑ Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
- ↑ Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
- ↑ Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
- ↑ Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
- ↑ Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
- ↑ Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
- ↑ Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.