Phoebis sennae

Cloudless sulphur
File:Cloudless sulphur (Phoebis sennae sennae) male underside.JPG
Male P. s. sennae, Tobago
File:Cloudless sulphur (Phoebis sennae sennae) female underside.jpg
Female P. s. sennae, Tobago
Scientific classification
Kingdom:	Animalia
Phylum:	Arthropoda
Class:	Insecta
Order:	Lepidoptera
Family:	Pieridae
Genus:	Phoebis
Species:	P. sennae
Binomial name
Phoebis sennae (Linnaeus, 1758)
Subspecies
Three, see text
Synonyms
Papilio sennae

The cloudless sulphur or cloudless giant sulphur (Phoebis sennae) is a midsized butterfly in the family Pieridae found in the New World. There are several similar species such as the yellow angled-sulphur (Anteos maerula), which has angled wings, or other sulphurs, which are much smaller.

Distribution

Their range is wide, from South America to southern Canada, in particular southwestern Ontario. They are most common from Argentina to southern Texas and Florida, but are often visitors outside this range becoming more rare further north.

Habitat

The common habitats of this butterfly are open spaces, gardens, glades, seashores, and watercourses.

Habits

The adult butterfly feeds on nectar from many different flowers with long tubes including cordia, bougainvillea, cardinal flower, hibiscus, lantana, and wild morning glory.

Senna hebecarpa (American senna) is a larval host and nectar source for the cloudless giant sulphur butterfly in the Eastern United States.

Life cycle

The breeding season is dependent on the climate of the area, from midsummer to fall in the cooler areas, to year-round where the climate is warmer.

Egg

The cloudless sulphur starts off as a pitcher-shaped white egg. Eventually it will turn to a pale orange. The egg stage lasts six days.

Caterpillar

Once the egg hatches, a caterpillar emerges that is yellow to greenish, striped on sides, with black dots in rows across the back. The caterpillar will build a tent in a host plant where it hides in the day. The host plant may be partridge pea (Chamaecrista cinerea), sennas (Senna), clovers (Trifolium), or other legumes (Fabaceae). The caterpillar will usually grow to a length between 41–45 mm (1.6–1.8 in).

Chrysalis

The caterpillar will form a chrysalis that is pointed at both ends and humped in the middle. The chrysalis will be either yellow or green with pink or green stripes. From the chrysalis comes a medium-sized butterfly (55–70 mm (2.2–2.8 in)) with fairly elongated but not angled wings.

Adult

The male butterfly is clear yellow above and yellow or mottled with reddish brown below and the female is lemon-yellow to golden or white on both surfaces, with varying amounts of black spotting along the margin and a black open square or star on the bottom forewing. Wingspan: 63–78 mm (2.5–3.1 in).

• Female Cloudless Sulphur Megan McCarty11.jpg

  Female

• Male Cloudless Sulphur, Megan McCarty97.jpg

  Male

• 

  Cloudless sulphur, Monsanto Insectarium, St. Louis Zoo

• Phoebis sennae caterpillar.jpg

  Caterpillar

• Cloudless sulphur catirpillar. Phoebis sennae..jpg

  Yellow version of caterpillar feeding on senna tree, Vista, CA

• Cloudless sulphur chrysalis. Phoebis sennae..jpg

  Chrysalis on senna tree, Vista, CA

• Cloudless sulphur (Phoebis sennae marcellina) male.JPG

  Male P. s. marcellina
  The Pantanal, Brazil

Subspecies

Listed alphabetically.

• P. s. amphitrite (Feisthamel, 1839)
• P. s. sennae or P. s. eubule
• P. s. marcellina (Cramer, [1779])

External links

• Cloudless Sulphur, Butterflies of North Carolina Online
• Video of Phoebis Sennae pupating and emerging, on YouTube
• Cloudless Sulphur, Butterflies and Moths of North America
• Phoebis sennae on the UF / IFAS Featured Creatures Web site

• Cloudless Sulphur, Butterflies of Canada
• Lady Bird Johnson Wildflower Center Native Plant Information Network: ''Senna hebecarpa
• Phoebis sennae, funet.fi