Prunum

Prunum
File:Prunum fulminatum 001.jpg
Prunum fulminatum
Scientific classification
Kingdom:	Animalia
Phylum:	Mollusca
Class:	Gastropoda
(unranked):	clade Caenogastropoda clade Hypsogastropoda clade Neogastropoda
Superfamily:	Muricoidea
Family:	Marginellidae
Subfamily:	Marginellinae
Genus:	Prunum Herrmannsen, 1852
Type species
Prunum prunum Gmelin, J.F., 1791
Synonyms
Egouena Jousseaume, 1875 Leptegouana Woodring, 1928 Marginella (Prunum) H. Adams & A. Adams, 1853 Marginellona (Volvarina) Woodring, 1928 Porcellanella Tryon, 1882

Prunum is a genus of sea snails, marine gastropod mollusks in the family Marginellidae, the margin snails.

The separation between the genera Prunum and Volvarina is not very precise. They form together a monophyletic clade. The differences between these two genera are based on differences in the morphology of the shell, the radula, the radular cartilage, the mantle and the internal anatomy. A rather arbitrary criterion is currently used to distinguish between the two genera. The large species with a strong callus are placed in Prunum, the slender species with a thin callus in Volvarina, leaving in between many ambiguous species. To date (2010) there is no phylogenetic analysis behind the current generic placements

Species

Species within the genus Prunum include:

• Prunum abyssorum (Tomlin, 1916)
• Prunum albertoangelai Cossignani, 2005
• Prunum albertoi Espinosa & Ortea, 1998
• Prunum albuminosa (Dall, 1919)
• Prunum aletes Roth, 1978
• Prunum amabile (Redfield, 1852)
• Prunum amphorale de Souza, 1992
• Prunum amygdalum Kiener
• Prunum annulatum (Reeve, 1865)
• Prunum antillanum (Sarasúa, 1992)
• Prunum apicinum (Menke, 1828)
• Prunum augusta (Thiele, 1925)
• Prunum bahiense (Tomlin 1917)
• Prunum batabanoense Espinosa & Ortea, 2002
• Prunum bayonai Cossignani, 2009
• Prunum beali (McGinty, 1940)
• Prunum bellulum (Dall, 1890)
• Prunum boreale (A. E. Verrill, 1884)
• Prunum cahuitaensis Magana, Espinosa & Ortea, 2003
• Prunum caledonicum Cossignani, 2001
• Prunum camachoi Espinosa & Ortea, 2003
• Prunum canasense Espinosa, Moro & Ortea, 2011
• Prunum caneli Espinosa, Ortea & Fernadez-Garcés, 2007
• Prunum canilla (Dall, 1927)
• Prunum carneum (Storer, 1837)
• Prunum cassis (Dall, 1889)
• Prunum catochense Cossignani, 2004
• Prunum chagosi Hayes & Boyer, 1997
• Prunum chumi Espinosa & Ortea, 2000
• Prunum cinctum (Kiener, 1834)
• Prunum cineraceum (Dall, 1889)
• Prunum circumvittatum (Weisbord, 1962)
• Prunum coltrorum Cossignani, 2005
• Prunum conchibellum Espinosa, Ortea & Moro, 2010
• Prunum cubanum Sarasúa & Espinosa, 1977
• Prunum curtum (G.B. Sowerby, 1832)
• Prunum damasoi Cossignani, 2006
• Prunum dawnbrinkae Massier, 1993
• Prunum dinisioi Cossignani, 2006
• Prunum enriquevidali Espinosa & Ortea, 1995
• Prunum estafaniae Pérez-Dionis, Ortea & Espinosa, 2009
• Prunum evelynae (Bayer, 1943)
• Prunum flori Espinosa, Ortea & Moro, 2010
• Prunum fortunatum (Clover & Macca, 1990)
• Prunum frumari Petuch & Sargent, 2012
• Prunum fulgidum Lussi & Smith, 1999
• Prunum fulminatum (Kiener, 1841)
• Prunum gijon Espinosa & Ortea, 2006
• Prunum goliat Espinosa, Moro & Ortea, 2011
• Prunum gorgonense Roth, 1978
• Prunum guttatum (Dillwyn, 1817)
• Prunum hartleyanum (Schwengel, 1941)
• Prunum holandae Espinosa & Ortea, 1999
• Prunum humboldti Espinosa, Ortea & Moro, 2009
• Prunum javii Espinosa, Ortea & Moro, 2013
• Prunum josealejandroi Espinosa, Moro & Ortea, 2011
• Prunum labiatum (Kiener, 1841)
• Prunum labrosum (Redfield, 1870)
• Prunum lalanai Espinosa & Ortea, 2013
• Prunum leonardhilli Petuch, 1990
• Prunum lipei (Clover, 1990)
• Prunum lizanoi Magana, Espinosa & Ortea, 2003
• Prunum lorenae Espinosa & Ortea, 2013
• Prunum mabellae (Melvill & Standen, 1901)
• Prunum macleani Roth, 1978
• Prunum magnificum (Sarasúa, 1989)
• Prunum marginatum (Born, 1778)
• Prunum mariateresae Cossignani, 2009
• Prunum martini (Petit, 1853)
• Prunum mingueloi Espinosa & Ortea, 2013
• Prunum monile (Linnaeus, 1758)
• [[Prunum montseae]] Espinosa, Ortea & Moro, 2014
• Prunum nataliae Pérez-Dionis, Ortea & Espinosa, 2009
• Prunum negoi Cossignani, 2005
• Prunum niciezai Espinosa & Ortea, 1998
• Prunum nivosum (Hinds, 1844)
• Prunum nobilianum (Bayer, 1943)
• Prunum oblongum (Swainson, 1829) (nomen dubium)
• Prunum olivaeforme (Kiener, 1834)
• Prunum pacotalaverai Espinosa, Ortea & Moro, 2014
• Prunum pellucidum (Pfeiffer, 1840)
• Prunum pergrandis (Clover, 1974)
• Prunum pinerum Sarasúa & Espinosa, 1977
• Prunum poulosi Lipe, 1996
• Prunum pruinosum (Hinds, 1844)
• Prunum prunum (Gmelin, 1791)
• Prunum pulchrum (Gray, 1839)
• Prunum pulidoi Espinosa & Ortea, 1999
• Prunum pyrumoides Lussi & Smith, 1999
• Prunum quelimanensis Bozzetti, 2001
• Prunum quinteroi Espinosa & Ortea, 1999
• Prunum redfieldii (Tryon, 1882)
• Prunum roscidum (Redfield, 1860)
• Prunum rostratum (Redfield, 1870)
• Prunum rubens (Martens, 1881)
• Prunum sapotilla (Hinds, 1844)
• Prunum saulcyanum (Petit, 1851)
• Prunum sauliae (G.B. Sowerby II, 1846)
• Prunum smalli Espinosa & Ortea, 2002
• Prunum storeria (Couthouy, 1837)
• Prunum succineum (Conrad, 1846)
• Prunum tacoense Espinosa & Ortea, 2014
• Prunum terverianum (Petit, 1851)
• Prunum tethys Lussi & Smith, 1999
• Prunum thalassicola Espinosa, Ortea & Fernadez-Garcés, 2007
• Prunum torticulum (Dall, 1881)
• Prunum virginianum (Conrad, 1868)
• Prunum walvisianum (Tomlin, 1920)
• Prunum woodbridgei (Hertlein & Strong, 1951)

Species brought into synonymy 

• Prunum abbreviatum (C.B. Adams, 1850) : synonym of Volvarina lactea (Kiener, 1841)
• Prunum adelum (Thiele, 1925) : synonym of Volvarina adela (Thiele, 1925)
• Prunum aguayoi Ortea & Espinosa, 1996 : synonym of Prunum lipei (Clover, 1990)
• Prunum agulhasensis Thiele, 1925 : synonym of Hydroginella agulhasensis (Thiele, 1925)
• Prunum alabaster Reeve, 1865 : synonym of Volvarina rubella navicella Reeve, 1865
• Prunum ameliensis (Tomlin 1917) : synonym of Volvarina ameliensis (Tomlin, 1917)
• Prunum attenuatum (Reeve, 1865) : synonym of Volvarina attenuata (Reeve, 1865)
• Prunum avenacea (Deshayes, 1844): synonym of Prunum bellulum (Dall, 1890)
• Prunum avenella (Dall, 1881): synonym of Volvarina avenella (Dall, 1881)
• Prunum avenellum (Dall, 1881): synonym of Volvarina avenella (Dall, 1881)
• Prunum batabanoensis Espinosa & Ortea, 2002: synonym of Prunum batabanoense Espinosa & Ortea, 2002
• Prunum bellum (Conrad, 1868): synonym of Prunum avenacea (Deshayes, 1844)
• Prunum caerulescens Lamarck, 1822 : synonym of Prunum prunum (Gmelin, 1791)
• Prunum canellum (Jousseaume, 1875): synonym of Prunum rostratum (Redfield, 1870)
• Prunum cantharus Reeve, 1865 : synonym of Prunum capensis (Krauss, 1848)
• Prunum capensis (Krauss, 1848) : synonym of Volvarina capensis (Krauss, 1848)
• Prunum carnum Storer, 1837  : synonym of Prunum carneum (Storer, 1837)
• Prunum charbarensis (Melvill, 1897)  : synonym of Volvarina charbarensis (Melvill, 1897)
• Prunum colomborum Bozzetti, 1995 : synonym of Marginella colomborum (Bozzetti, 1995)
• Prunum conchibellus Espinosa, Ortea & Moro, 2010  : synonym of Prunum conchibellum Espinosa, Ortea & Moro, 2010
• Prunum crassilabrum (G.B. Sowerby I, 1846)  : synonym of Prunum labrosum (Redfield, 1870)
• Prunum deliciosum (Bavay in Dautzenberg, 1912)  : synonym of Volvarina deliciosa (Bavay in Dautzenberg, 1913)
• Prunum evax Li, 1930  : synonym of Prunum sapotilla (Hinds, 1844)
• Prunum exile (Gmelin, 1791)  : synonym of Volvarina exilis (Gmelin, 1791)
• Prunum fraterculus E.A. Smith, 1915  : synonym of Prunum martini (Petit, 1853)
• Prunum hartleyanum (Schwengel, 1941): synonym of Prunum virginianum hartleyana (Schwengel, 1941)
• Prunum helena Thiele, 1925  : synonym of Hyalina helena (Thiele, 1925)
• Prunum hoffi Moolenbeek & Faber, 1991 : synonym of Canalispira hoffi (Moolenbeek & Faber, 1991)
• Prunum hondurasense (Reeve, 1865)  : synonym of Prunum pulchrum (Gray, 1839)
• Prunum hondurasensis (Reeve, 1865)  : synonym of Prunum pulchrum (Gray, 1839)
• Prunum insulanum (Gofas & Fernandes, 1988)  : synonym of Volvarina insulana Gofas & Fernandes, 1988
• Prunum joubini Bavay, 1913  : synonym of Prunum bahiense (Tomlin, 1917)
• Prunum keenii Marrat, 1871  : synonym of Hyalina keenii (Marrat, 1871)
• Prunum laetitium (Thiele, 1925)  : synonym of Volvarina laetitia (Thiele, 1925)
• Prunum longivaricosa Lamarck, 1822  : synonym of Prunum guttatum (Dillwyn, 1817)
• Prunum marianae Bozzetti, 1999  : synonym of Prunum pyrumoides Lussi & G. Smith, 1999
• Prunum olivaeformis (Kiener, 1834)  : synonym of Prunum olivaeforme (Kiener, 1834)
• Prunum riparia Gofas & Fernandes, 1992 : synonym of Volvarina riparia Gofas & Fernandes, 1992
• Prunum roberti (Bavay, 1917)  : synonym of Volvarina roberti (Bavay, 1917)
• Prunum roosevelti Bartsch & Rehder, 1939  : synonym of Prunum amabile (Redfield, 1852)
• Prunum serrei Bavay, 1913  : synonym of Volvarina serrei (Bavay, 1913)
• Prunum sowerbyanum Petit, 1851  : synonym of Prunum monile (Linnaeus, 1758)
• Prunum styrium Dall, 1889  : synonym of Volvarina styria (Dall, 1889)
• Prunum succinea (Conrad, 1846): synonym of Prunum succineum (Conrad, 1846)
• Prunum tacoensis Espinosa & Ortea, 2014: synonym of Prunum tacoense Espinosa & Ortea, 2014
• Prunum yucatecana (Dall, 1881) : synonym of Dentimargo yucatecanus (Dall, 1881)

References

• Cossignani T. (2006). Marginellidae & Cystiscidae of the World. L'Informatore Piceno. 408pp

External links

• Prunum Herrmannsen, 1852.  Retrieved through: World Register of Marine Species on 23 January 2011.
• Jeremy B.C. Jackson, Scott Lidgard, and Frank K. McKinney, Evolutionary patterns : growth, form and tempo in the fossil record, The University of Chicago Press, 2001, ISBN 0-226-38930-8
• Prunum abyssorum (Tomlin, 1916).  Retrieved through: World Register of Marine Species on 24 April 2010.
• Prunum albertoangelai Cossignani, 2005.  Retrieved through: World Register of Marine Species on 24 April 2010.
• Prunum albertoi Espinosa & Ortea, 1998.  Retrieved through: World Register of Marine Species on 24 April 2010.
• Prunum amabile (Redfield, 1852).  Retrieved through: World Register of Marine Species on 24 April 2010.
• Prunum amygdala Kiener.  Retrieved through: World Register of Marine Species on 24 April 2010.
• Prunum antillanum (Sarasúa, 1992).  Retrieved through: World Register of Marine Species on 24 April 2010.
• Prunum apicinum (Menke, 1828).  Retrieved through: World Register of Marine Species on 24 April 2010.
• Prunum bayonai Cossignani, 2009.  Retrieved through: World Register of Marine Species on 24 April 2010.
• Prunum boreale (A. E. Verrill, 1884).  Retrieved through: World Register of Marine Species on 24 April 2010.
• Prunum Cahuitaensis Magana, Espinosa & Ortea, 2003.  Retrieved through: World Register of Marine Species on 24 April 2010.
• Prunum caledonicum Cossignani, 2001.  Retrieved through: World Register of Marine Species on 24 April 2010.
• Prunum Camachoi Espinosa & Ortea, 2003.  Retrieved through: World Register of Marine Species on 24 April 2010.
• Prunum caneli Espinosa, Ortea & Fernadez-Garcés, 2007.  Retrieved through: World Register of Marine Species on 24 April 2010.
• Prunum carneum (Storer, 1837).  Retrieved through: World Register of Marine Species on 24 April 2010.
• Prunum cassis (Dall, 1889).  Retrieved through: World Register of Marine Species on 24 April 2010.
• Prunum catochense Cossignani, 2004.  Retrieved through: World Register of Marine Species on 24 April 2010.
• Prunum chumi Espinosa & Ortea, 2000.  Retrieved through: World Register of Marine Species on 24 April 2010.
• Prunum coltrorum Cossignani, 2005.  Retrieved through: World Register of Marine Species on 24 April 2010.
• Prunum cubanum Sarasúa & Espinosa, 1977.  Retrieved through: World Register of Marine Species on 24 April 2010.
• Prunum damasoi Cossignani, 2006.  Retrieved through: World Register of Marine Species on 24 April 2010.
• Prunum dinisioi Cossignani, 2006.  Retrieved through: World Register of Marine Species on 24 April 2010.
• Prunum fulgidum Lussi & Smith, 1999.  Retrieved through: World Register of Marine Species on 24 April 2010.
• Prunum gijon Espinosa & Ortea, 2006.  Retrieved through: World Register of Marine Species on 24 April 2010.
• Prunum guttatum (Dillwyn, 1817).  Retrieved through: World Register of Marine Species on 24 April 2010.
• Prunum holandae Espinosa & Ortea, 1999.  Retrieved through: World Register of Marine Species on 24 April 2010.
• Prunum humboldti Espinosa, Ortea & Moro, 2009.  Retrieved through: World Register of Marine Species on 24 April 2010.
• Prunum labiatum (Kiener, 1841).  Retrieved through: World Register of Marine Species on 24 April 2010.
• Prunum lipei (Clover, 1990).  Retrieved through: World Register of Marine Species on 24 April 2010.
• Prunum lizanoi Magana, Espinosa & Ortea, 2003.  Retrieved through: World Register of Marine Species on 24 April 2010.
• Prunum magnificum (Sarasúa, 1989).  Retrieved through: World Register of Marine Species on 24 April 2010.
• Prunum mariateresae Cossignani, 2009.  Retrieved through: World Register of Marine Species on 24 April 2010.
• Prunum negoi Cossignani, 2005.  Retrieved through: World Register of Marine Species on 24 April 2010.
• Prunum niciezai Espinosa & Ortea, 1998.  Retrieved through: World Register of Marine Species on 24 April 2010.
• Prunum nivosum (Hinds, 1844).  Retrieved through: World Register of Marine Species on 24 April 2010.
• Prunum pruinosum (Hinds, 1844).  Retrieved through: World Register of Marine Species on 24 April 2010.
• Prunum pulidoi Espinosa & Ortea, 1999.  Retrieved through: World Register of Marine Species on 24 April 2010.
• Prunum pyrumoides Lussi & Smith, 1999.  Retrieved through: World Register of Marine Species on 24 April 2010.
• Prunum quinteroi Espinosa & Ortea, 1999.  Retrieved through: World Register of Marine Species on 24 April 2010.
• Prunum redfieldii (Tryon, 1882).  Retrieved through: World Register of Marine Species on 24 April 2010.
• Prunum roscidum (Redfield, 1860).  Retrieved through: World Register of Marine Species on 24 April 2010.
• Prunum rostratum (Redfield, 1870).  Retrieved through: World Register of Marine Species on 24 April 2010.
• Prunum smalli Espinosa & Ortea, 2002.  Retrieved through: World Register of Marine Species on 24 April 2010.
• Prunum tethys Lussi & Smith, 1999.  Retrieved through: World Register of Marine Species on 24 April 2010.
• Prunum thalassicola Espinosa, Ortea & Fernadez-Garcés, 2007.  Retrieved through: World Register of Marine Species on 24 April 2010.
• Prunum torticulum (Dall, 1881).  Retrieved through: World Register of Marine Species on 24 April 2010.
• Prunum avenella (Dall, 1881).  Retrieved through: World Register of Marine Species on 24 April 2010.
• Prunum Batabanoensis Espinosa & Ortea, 2002.  Retrieved through: World Register of Marine Species on 24 April 2010.
• Prunum bellum (Conrad, 1868).  Retrieved through: World Register of Marine Species on 24 April 2010.
• Prunum hartleyanum (Schwengel, 1941).  Retrieved through: World Register of Marine Species on 24 April 2010.
• Prunum succinea (Conrad, 1846).  Retrieved through: World Register of Marine Species on 24 April 2010.