Russian air surveillance radars

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This is an overview of Russian early warning radars for air surveillance, and related design bureaus.

NNIIRT

The Nizhny Novgorod Research Institute of Radio Engineering (Russian acronym: NNIIRT) has since 1948 developed a number of radars.[1] These were mainly radars in the VHF-band, and many of which featured developments in technology that represented "first offs" in the Soviet Union. Innovations include the first Soviet air surveillance radar with a circular scan; the P-8 Volga (NATO: KNIFE REST A) in 1950, the first 3D-radar; the 5N69 Salute (NATO: BIG BACK) in 1975, and in 1982 the first VHF-band 3D-radar; the 55Zh6 Nebo (NATO: TALL RACK). Other innovations were radars with frequency hopping; the P-10 Volga A (NATO: KNIFE REST B) in 1953, radars with transmitter signal coherency and special features like moving target indicator (MTI); the P-12 Yenisei (NATO: SPOON REST) in 1955, as well as the P-70 Lena-M with chirp signal modulation in 1968.[2]

Cronology of NNIIRT designed air surveillance radars
Radar NATO reporting name Radio spectrum (NATO) Developed Production plant Fun fact
P-3 VHF 1948 NITEL[3] The first Soviet post-WWII air surveillance radar
P-8 Volga KNIFE REST A VHF 1950 NITEL[4] The first Soviet radar with circular scan
P-10 Volga A KNIFE REST B VHF 1953 NITEL[4] Frequency hopping
P-12 Yenisei SPOON REST VHF 1955 NITEL[4] Coherent radar with MTI
P-14 Lena TALL KING VHF 1959 NITEL[5]
P-70 Lena-M VHF 1968 First Soviet radar with chirp
P-18 Terek SPOON REST D VHF 1970 NITEL[6]
5N84A Oborona-14 TALL KING C VHF 1974 NITEL[7]
5N69 Salute BIG BACK D-band 1975 First Soviet 3D-radar
44ZH6 TALL KING B VHF 1979 NITEL[8] Stationary version of Oborona-14
55ZH6 Nebo TALL RACK VHF 1982 NITEL[9] First Soviet meter-wavelength 3D-radar
1L13 1982
52E6 VHF 1982-1996
1L13-3 Nebo-SV BOX SPRING VHF 1985 NITEL[10]
55ZH6U Nebo-U[11] TALL RACK VHF 1992 NITEL[12]
1L119 Nebo-SVU VHF 1997-2006
59N6-1 Protivnik-G1[13] D-band 1997 Average time between failures 840 hours
1L122[14] D-band 1997-2006
52E6MU[15] VHF 1997-2006
P-18 modernisation kits SPOON REST D VHF 1997-2006
55ZH6M Nebo-M VHF/multi-band 2011
59N6M

NIIDAR

The Dalney Radiosvyazi NII company (Russian acronym: NIIDAR) developed a number of radars from 1949 to 1959 in co-operation with the NII-20 Lianozovo electromechanical plant.[16] However, unlike the NNIIRT, this design bureau focused on higher frequency radars like the P-20, P-30, P-30M, P-35, P-32D2 and the P-50 (NATO: E/F-bands). These radars have better accuracy and faster scan rates, and are thus more suited for ground control of fighter aircraft, which complement the lower frequency radars developed by the NNIIRT design bureau. NNIDAR has in recent years expanded their product range to include innovative radar designs like the Podsolnukh-E over-the-horizon (OTH) surface-wave radar[17] and the 29B6 Konteyner.[18] The latte, while also being an OTH-radar, has separate locations for the transmitter and the receiver making it a bi-static system.

Cronology of NIIDAR designed air surveillance radars
Radar NATO reporting name Radio spectrum (NATO) Developed Fun fact
P-20 Periscope E/F-band 1949
P-50 Observatory E/F-band 1949 Stationary variant of P-20
P-30 BIG MESH E/F-band 1955
P-30M 1959
P-35 Saturn BAR LOCK E/F-band 1958
P-35M BAR LOCK E/F-band 1961 P-35 with Improved antenna layout
Sword-35 BAR LOCK E/F-band 1971 faster scanning, improved antenna layout, polarization filters, pulse duration/frequency modulation
Podsolnukh-E VHF around 2000 Surface-wave radar
29B6 Konteyner VHF around 2000 Bi-static radar

VNIIRT

All-Union Scientific Research Institute of Radio Engineering (Russian acronym: VNIIRT)

  • 1955; P-15 1RL13 Tropa FLAT FACE A, UHF (B/C-band),
  • 1970; ST-68 (19Zh6) TIN SHIELD, E-band, Fun fact: First Soviet radar with digital coherent signal processing,
  • 1974; P-19 1RL134 Danube FLAT FACE B, UHF (B/C-band)
Cronology of VNIIRT designed air surveillance radars
Radar NATO reporting name Radio spectrum (NATO) Developed Fun fact
P-15 Tropa FLAT FACE A UHF 1955
ST-68 TIN SHIELD E-band 1970 First Soviet radar with digital coherent signal processing
P-19 Danube FLAT FACE B UHF 1974

Summary

Cronology of Soviet and Russian air surveillance radars
Radar NATO reporting name Radio spectrum (NATO) Developed Fun fact Design bureau
P-3 VHF 1948 The first Soviet post-WWII air surveillance radar NNIIRT
P-20 Periscope E/F-band 1949 NIIDAR
P-50 Observatory 1949 Stationary variant of P-20 NIIDAR
P-30 BIG MESH E/F-band 1955 NIIDAR
P-30M 1959 NIIDAR
P-35 BAR LOCK E/F-band 1958 NIIDAR
P-8 Volga KNIFE REST A VHF 1950 The first Soviet radar with circular scan NNIIRT
P-10 Volga A KNIFE REST B VHF 1953 Frequency hopping NNIIRT
P-12 Yenisei SPOON REST VHF 1955 Coherent radar with MTI NNIIRT
P-15 Tropa FLAT FACE A UHF 1955 VNIIRT
P-14 Lena TALL KING VHF 1959 NNIIRT
P-35M BAR LOCK E/F-band 1961 Improved antenna layout NIIDAR
P-70 Lena-M VHF 1968 First Soviet radar with chirp NNIIRT
P-18 Terek SPOON REST D VHF 1970 NNIIRT
ST-68 TIN SHIELD E-band 1970 First Soviet radar with digital coherent signal processing VNIIRT
Sword-35 BAR LOCK E/F-band 1971 faster scanning, improved antenna, polarization filters, pulse duration/frequency modulation NIIDAR
5N84A Oborona-14 TALL KING C VHF 1974 NNIIRT
P-19 Danube FLAT FACE B UHF 1974 VNIIRT
5N69 Salute BIG BACK D-band 1975 First Soviet 3D-radar NNIIRT
44ZH6 TALL KING B VHF 1979 Stationary version of Oborona-14 NNIIRT
55ZH6 Nebo TALL RACK VHF 1982 First Soviet meter-wavelength 3D-radar NNIIRT
1L13 1982 NNIIRT
52E6 VHF 1982-1996 NNIIRT
1L13-3 Nebo-SV BOX SPRING VHF 1985 NNIIRT
55ZH6U Nebo-U TALL RACK VHF 1992 NNIRT
1L119 Nebo-SVU VHF 1997-2006 NNIIRT
59N6-1 Protivnik-G1 D-band 1997 Average time between failures 840 hours NNIIRT
1L122 D-band 1997-2006 NNIIRT
52E6MU VHF 1997-2006 NNIIRT
P-18 modernisation kits SPOON REST D VHF 1997-2006 NNIIRT
55ZH6M Nebo-M VHF/multi-band 2011 NNIIRT
59N6M NNIRT
Podsolnukh-E VHF 2000 Surface-wave radar NIIDAR
29B6 Konteyner VHF 2000 Bi-static radar NIIDAR

See also

References

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