Science and technology in the Netherlands

Science and technology in the Netherlands has an extended history, producing many notable achievements and discoveries in the field.

In this article, science is referred to as the ongoing effort to study and understand the natural world, its history and its behaviour using systematic methodology based on evidence. Technology is an application of scientific knowledge for practical purposes including processes, tools, skills and materials. It is used in collaboration with science as an instrument for solving problems and furthering human abilities. Science and technology is an important component in the economic and societal development of the Netherlands

Historical overview

The seventeenth century was a distinguished period for the Dutch with its powerful defence force and internationally accepted currency. In this Dutch Golden age, many Dutch scientists (including many migrants) worked to create an intellectual boom. Being a major player in global trade, the Netherlands had a particularly broad commercial network. International traders and merchants returned with drawings and samples of flora and fauna. New data also became accessible. These factors prompted scientific research in animals and plants and instigated greater investment in scientific studies.

In the 1880’s, the fall of grain prices greatly affected Dutch society. Government action to prevent poverty created a model for the development of science policy. The term “science policy” was coined much later. Scientific experiments proved a positive relationship between artificial fertiliser and soil quality, grain yield and production costs. Public and private organisations collaborated to inform farmers of this discovery based on experimental analysis. This is considered the first deliberate application of scientific research and to the present day, the Dutch government is responsible for scientific research and development.

Important advances made by Dutch people

Further information: Lists of Dutch inventions and discoveries

The Netherlands hosts an innovative landscape for scientific and technological progress as demonstrated by its second place ranking in the Global Innovation Index in 2018. This environment has led to many important advances throughout history. Some of the major discoveries, inventions and applications made by people of the Netherlands are listed below. It is important to note that before the fall of Antwerp (1585), there was no distinction between the Dutch and the Flemish.

File:Oil painting; portrait of A.V. Leeuwenhoek Wellcome M0001259.jpg

Antonie van Leeuwenhoek, the father of microbiology, bacteriology and protozoology

• The publication of De humani corporis fabrica (On the Structure of the Human Body) by founder of modern human anatomy, Andreas Vesalius (1543)
• The original patent of the telescope, by Zacharias Janssen and Hans Lipperhey (1608)
• The observation of the Saturn's rings, by physicist, mathematician, astronomer and inventor, Christiaan Huygens after Galileo's report of the possibility of Saturn being 3 planets instead of one (1655)
• The discovery of Titan, the first and largest of Saturn's moons, by Christiaan Huygens (1655)
• The first observation and description of red blood cells, by biologist Jan Swammerdam whilst using a microscope for frog dissection (1658)
• The invention of the modern firehose, by painter Jan van der Heyden (1673)
• The biological process of photosynthesis, by Jan Ingenhousz (1779)
• The discovery of one of the first known specimens of Homo erectus found in East Java by paleoanthropologist and geologist, Eugène Dubois (1891)
• The construction of the first navigable submarine, by Cornelis Drebbel (1620s)
• The Snellen chart, an eye test which uses letters of different sizes, by opthalmologist Herman Snellen (1862)
• The invention of the speed camera, by rally driver Maurice Gatsonides in attempt to boost his own speed (1958)
• The invention of Python (programming language), by Guido van Rossum at Centrum Wiskunde & Informatica (1989)
• The invention of Bluetooth wireless connection by Jaap Haartsen, whilst working for Swedish company Ericsson (1994)

Other recent Dutch developments include lab-grown hamburger meat, smarter home technology for aged and disabled care, underwater video analysis to protect ecosystems and sensor technology for the reduction of energy consumption.

Leiden University Library (1610)

Institutions

See also: Category:Scientific organisations based in the Netherlands and List of universities in the Netherlands

The major universities of the Netherlands including Leiden University (established 1575), the University of Franeker (established 1585) and the University of Groningen (established 1614) were the driving forces of scientific knowledge as scientific societies were not created until the late eighteenth century.

Dutch scientific research is primarily organised by its universities. Research institutions occasionally conduct research and are closely linked to one or more universities.

Scientific policy

Further information: Politics of the Netherlands

Government responsibility

Science and technology is an important component in the economic and societal development of Dutch society and is therefore surrounded by government policy.

The Ministry of Education, Culture and Science (OCW) is the main authority in Dutch science policy. They are responsible for the Dutch higher education strategic agenda and Science Budget which are published every four years. The Ministry of Education, Culture and Science is also responsible for many research organisations including the Netherlands Organisation for Scientific Research (NWO), the Netherlands Organisation for Applied Research (TNO), the Royal Netherlands Academy of Arts and Sciences (KNAW), the Royal Library (KB) as well as the public universities.

The Ministry of Economic Affairs (EZK) controls scientific research and development policy as well as technology and innovation policy. Together, the OCW and EZK are the two most significant parties in Dutch government policy

Research and development

R&D is supported by Dutch institutions, universities and industry, allowing the innovation system in the Netherlands to be highly ranked.

A 2014 Review of Innovations Policy by the OECD highlighted the success of the Netherlands in its innovation system, crediting many factors including its long-term socioeconomic performance, human resource base, integration into the global economy, developed infrastructure, performance and skills of Dutch firms, supportive business environment and the global reach of its multinational firms. Through cross-border co-publications and

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Created by Philips & Sony in the 1970s, the inner hole of a compact disc is sized to match the Dutch 10 cent coin

public-private publications, the broadness of the Dutch research network is evident.

Like many other countries, the main source of R&D funding in the Netherlands is the business sector. In 2003, firms funded a 51% share of total R&D expenditure whilst the government funded 36%. Foreign investment was the third largest source sitting at 11%. In 2004, 58% of R&D was conducted by the firms with seven companies participating in 29% of total R&D in the Netherlands. Dutch multinational Phillips, was the largest contributor, conducting one-fifth of the business sector R&D.

Another strength reported by the OECD was strong research universities and research institutions as well as great number and quality of scientific publications. The Netherlands (14.5%) is only second to the Swiss (15.7%) in the international ranking of share of research publications falling within the top 10% of most cited publications.

On the other hand, the OECD report also noted weaknesses including repeated changes in innovation policy, lack of recognition of the impact of science and technology within the public, entrepreneurial culture, lower tertiary education graduation rates, long-term productivity growth and low scientific research expenditure.