Springfield, Ohio

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For the 2024 claims of pet attacks, see Springfield, Ohio, cat-eating hoax.
Springfield, Ohio
City
Main Street buildings (Feb 2010)
Main Street buildings (Feb 2010)
Flag of Springfield, Ohio
Flag		 Official seal of Springfield, Ohio
Seal
Official logo of Springfield, Ohio
Logo
Nickname(s): The Home City, The Rose City (City of Roses), The Champion City, The Field
Lua error in Module:Mapframe at line 701: attempt to index field 'wikibase' (a nil value).
Interactive map of Springfield
Country United States
State Ohio
County Clark
Founded 1801
Incorporated 1827 (village)
1850 (city)
Government
 • Type Council–manager[1]
 • Mayor Rob Rue
Area[2]
 • City 26.36 sq mi (68.27 km2)
 • Land 26.16 sq mi (67.75 km2)
 • Water 0.20 sq mi (0.52 km2)
Elevation[3] 929 ft (283 m)
Population (2020)
 • City 58,662
 • Density 2,200/sq mi (860/km2)
 • Metro 136,001
Time zone EST (UTC−5)
 • Summer (DST) EDT (UTC−4)
ZIP Codes 45501–45506
Area code 937 & 326
FIPS code 39-74118[4]
GNIS ID 1085859[3]
Website springfieldohio.gov

Springfield is a city in and the county seat of Clark County, Ohio, United States.[5] The municipality is located in southwestern Ohio and is situated on the Mad River, Buck Creek, and Beaver Creek, approximately 45 miles (72 km) west of Columbus and 25 miles (40 km) northeast of Dayton. As of the 2020 census, the city had a total population of 58,662, while the Springfield metropolitan area had a population of 136,001 residents.

Springfield is home to Wittenberg University, a liberal arts college. The Little Miami Scenic Trail, a paved rail-trail that is nearly 80 miles long, extends from the Buck Creek Scenic Trail head in Springfield south to Newtown, Ohio. Buck Creek State Park and its Clarence J. Brown reservoir are located at the city limits.

History

Early settlement

Springfield was founded in 1801 by European-American James Demint, a former teamster from Kentucky. It was named for historic Springfield, Massachusetts. When Clark County was created in 1818 from parts of Champaign, Madison, and Greene counties, Springfield was chosen by the legislature over the village of New Boston (another village named after a New England predecessor) as the county seat, winning by two votes.[6]

Early growth in Springfield was stimulated by federal construction of the National Road into Ohio. Springfield was the terminus for approximately 10 years as politicians wrangled over its future path. Dayton and Eaton wanted the road to veer south after Springfield, but President Andrew Jackson, who took office in 1829, made the final decision to have the road continue straight west to Richmond, Indiana.[7]

Industrial development

During the mid-and-late 19th century, the manufacturing industry began to flourish in Springfield. Industrialists included Oliver S. Kelly, Asa S. Bushnell, James Leffel, P. P. Mast, and Benjamin H. Warder. Bushnell also constructed the Bushnell Building, naming it after himself.[8] Harry Aubrey Toulmin, Sr., patent attorney to the Wright Brothers, wrote the 1904 patent to their invention of the airplane at the Bushnell Building. In 1894, The Kelly Springfield Tire Company was founded in the city.

P. P. Mast started Farm & Fireside magazine to promote the products of his agricultural equipment company. His publishing company, known as Mast, Crowell, and Kirkpatrick, eventually developed as the Crowell-Collier Publishing Company, best known for publishing Collier's Weekly.

At the turn of the 20th century, Springfield became known as the "Home City." It was a period of high activity by fraternal organizations, and such lodges as the Masonic Lodge, Knights of Pythias, and Odd Fellows built homes for orphans and aged members of their orders. Springfield also became known as "The Champion City," a reference to the Champion Farm Equipment brand, manufactured by the Warder, Bushnell & Glessner Company. In 1902 this company was absorbed into International Harvester. The latter operates today in Springfield as Navistar International, a manufacturer of medium to large trucks.

In 1902 A.B. Graham, then the superintendent of schools for Springfield Township in Clark County, established a "Boys' and Girls' Agricultural Club." Approximately 85 children from 10 to 15 years of age attended the first meeting on January 15, 1902, in Springfield, in the basement of the Clark County Courthouse. This was the start of what would soon be called the "4-H Club"; it expanded to become a nationwide organization, at a time when agriculture was a mainstay of the economy in many regions.[9] The first projects included food preservation, gardening, and elementary agriculture. Today, a historical marker exists at the Clark County courthouse, and the Library of Congress officially recognized the birthplace in 2023.[10]

On March 7, 1904, over a thousand white residents formed a lynch mob, stormed the jail, and removed prisoner Richard Dixon, a black man accused of killing police officer Charles B. Collis. Dixon was shot to death and then hanged from a pole on the corner of Fountain and Main Street, where the mob shot his body numerous times. From there the mob rioted through the town, destroying and burning much of the black area. The events were covered by national newspapers and provoked outrage.[11]

File:SpringfieldOH 4-H Club Sculpture.jpg
AB Graham and the first 4-H club

On February 26, 1906, an altercation between a white man and a black man resulted in another riot. The rioters burned down a significant portion of the Levee, a predominantly black neighborhood located in a flood-prone area near the river. Nearly 100 people were left homeless in the aftermath.[12][13] Sixty years later, Springfield was the first city in Ohio to elect a black mayor, Robert Henry.[14]

The final riot took place in 1921, although relatively peaceful compared to the two prior. It was reported that there was in fact little to no rioting, and that other reports made by The New York Times of 14 people killed was in fact, incorrect.[15]

From 1916 to 1926, 10 automobile companies operated in Springfield. Among them were the Bramwell, Brenning, Foos, Frayer-Miller, Kelly Steam, Russell-Springfield, and Westcott. The Westcott, known as "the car built to last," was a six-cylinder four-door sedan manufactured by Burton J. Westcott of the Westcott Motor Car Company.

File:Westcott House Springfield 06.jpg
Westcott House by Frank Lloyd Wright

In 1908, Westcott and his wife Orpha commissioned architect Frank Lloyd Wright to design their home at 1340 East High Street. The Westcott House, a sprawling two-story stucco and concrete house, has all the features of Wright's "prairie style," including horizontal lines, low-pitched roof, and broad eaves. Wright became world-renowned, and this is his only prairie-style house in the state of Ohio.[16] In 2000 the property was purchased by the Frank Lloyd Wright Building Conservancy (based in Chicago.) As part of a prearranged plan, the house was sold to a newly formed local Westcott House Foundation. This foundation managed an extensive 5-year, $5.8 million restoration, completed in October 2005.[16] The landmark house is now open to the public for guided tours.

Late 20th century to present

File:Manufacturing employment in Springfield, Ohio.png
Springfield lost half its manufacturing jobs from 2000 through 2010

In 1983, Newsweek called Springfield one of America's "dream cities," but in 2011 Gallup referred to it as the "unhappiest city" in the country, due primarily to deindustrialization.[17]

International Harvester (now Navistar International), a manufacturer of farm machinery and later trucks, became the leading local industry after 1856, when Springfield native William Whiteley invented the self-raking reaper and mower. International Harvester and Crowell-Collier Publishing were the major employers throughout most of the next century. Crowell-Collier closed its magazines in 1957 and sold its Springfield printing plant.[18] In 1983, Newsweek magazine featured Springfield in its 50th-anniversary issue, entitled "The American Dream", which it concluded was a symbol of decline.[19]

The decline in manufacturing and other blue-collar industries in the United States in the late 20th and early 21st centuries resulted in significant economic and population losses in Springfield. A 27% decrease in median income between 1999 and 2014 was the largest of any metropolitan area in the country.[20] Peaking at more than 82,000 in the 1960 census, the city population had declined to only 58,662 in 2020.[21] Despite efforts by local politicians and business organizations, an economic recovery enjoyed by larger cities since the Great Recession has not included Springfield or other small cities in Ohio.[22]

By the mid-2010s, city leaders began revitalization of the downtown area, including residential housing, a parking garage and demolition of decayed structures.[23][24][25][26] Since 2000, new downtown structures include the Ohio Valley Surgical Hospital, Springfield Regional Medical Center, Mother Stewart's Brewing Company, and the Chiller Ice Arena.[27] The Upper Valley Mall, which had operated as the city's retail hub since 1971, permanently closed in 2021.[28]

Immigrant influx and national attention

In 2014, the city began the "Welcome Springfield" initiative to attract immigrants in an attempt to improve the local economy.[29] Haitian immigrants arrived in Springfield in 2018 and later.[30]

By 2024, an estimated 15,000 to 20,000 Haitian refugees had settled in the city, the vast majority receiving temporary protected status due to the ongoing crisis in Haiti.[31] According to The New York Times, the influx of Haitians triggered an increase in anti-immigrant sentiment among existing residents, with tensions aggravated by an incident in August 2023 in which an improperly licensed Haitian driver crashed into a school bus, killing one child and injuring 23 others.[32] In mid-2024, local politicians appealed to the federal government for assistance due to an increased use of city services for which they were not prepared, as well as housing issues caused by the population increase.[33][32] Community organizations have hired significant numbers of Haitian Creole translators.[32] Springfield's increase in manufacturing facilities, from companies such as Topre, Silfex and McGregor Metal, have been cited as a motivation for relocation by immigrants to the city.[32][34][35]

Cat-eating hoax

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Main article: Springfield, Ohio, cat-eating hoax

On August 26, 2024, police received a report of Haitians stealing geese. Neither law enforcement officials nor the Ohio Department of Natural Resources found any evidence or suspects.[36][37] Soon thereafter, a hoax about Haitian immigrants abducting and eating pets in Springfield went viral and the lie was amplified by businessman Elon Musk, U.S. Senator Ted Cruz, Republican vice-presidential nominee JD Vance, and Republican Party members of the United States House Committee on the Judiciary.[38][39][40][41] Springfield authorities responded that "there have been no credible reports or specific claims of pets being harmed, injured or abused by individuals within the immigrant community".[42] The false claims were repeated by Donald Trump during his presidential debate with Kamala Harris.[43][44][45] Ohio Attorney General Dave Yost, a Republican, accused the media of ignoring evidence surrounding claims that pets were being abducted and eaten in Springfield.[46] Republican figures and conservative social media outlets have continued to spread misinformation concerning the topic.[47] Haitian Americans in Springfield have faced race based attacks due to these claims.[48][49][50] Despite substantial negative reactions and ridicule, Trump doubled down on these claims in a rally and falsely asserted that Haitian immigrants were walking away with geese from public areas in Springfield.[51][52] Furthermore, he has vowed to mass deport migrants from Springfield [53]

After Trump and Vance's claims about Haitian migrants, bomb threats were made over multiple days in September 2024 regarding Springfield facilities, targeting the Springfield City Hall, the Bureau of Motor Vehicles, the Springfield Driver’s Exam Station, the Ohio License Bureau Southside, the Springfield Academy of Excellence, Fulton Elementary School, Cliff Park High School, Perrin Woods Elementary School, Roosevelt Middle School, Kettering Health Springfield hospital, and Mercy Health Springfield hospital. The facilities were shut down or locked down as a result.[54][55][56]

Geography

South Fountain Avenue Historic District

According to the United States Census Bureau, the city has a total area of 25.50 square miles (66.04 km2), of which, 25.29 square miles (65.50 km2) is land and 0.21 square miles (0.54 km2) is water.[57] The Clarence J. Brown Reservoir is located on the northeast outskirts of Springfield.

Climate

Springfield experiences a humid continental climate with cold winters and hot summers.

Demographics

Historical population
Census Pop. %±
1810 593 —
1820 1,868 215.0%
1830 1,080 −42.2%
1840 2,062 90.9%
1850 5,108 147.7%
1860 7,002 37.1%
1870 12,652 80.7%
1880 20,730 63.8%
1890 31,895 53.9%
1900 38,253 19.9%
1910 46,921 22.7%
1920 60,840 29.7%
1930 68,743 13.0%
1940 70,662 2.8%
1950 78,508 11.1%
1960 82,723 5.4%
1970 81,926 −1.0%
1980 72,563 −11.4%
1990 70,487 −2.9%
2000 65,358 −7.3%
2010 60,608 −7.3%
Est. 2023 58,082 −4.2%
[4][60][61][62][63]

As of the 2000 census,[4] the median income for a household in the city was $32,193, and the median income for a family was $39,890. Males had a median income of $32,027 versus $23,155 for females. The per capita income for the city was $16,660. 16.9% of the population and 13.5% of families were below the poverty line. Out of the total population, 23.9% of those under the age of 18 and 9.6% of those 65 and older were living below the poverty line.

2020 census

Springfield city, Ohio – Racial and ethnic composition
Note: the US Census treats Hispanic/Latino as an ethnic category. This table excludes Latinos from the racial categories and assigns them to a separate category. Hispanics/Latinos may be of any race.
Race / Ethnicity (NH = Non-Hispanic) Pop 2000[64] Pop 2010[65] Pop 2020[66] % 2000 % 2010 % 2020
White alone (NH) 50,663 44,946 40,107 77.5% 74.2% 68.4%
Black or African American alone (NH) 11,832 10,876 10,913 18.1% 17.9% 18.6%
Native American or Alaska Native alone (NH) 193 167 160 0.3% 0.3% 0.3%
Asian alone (NH) 446 446 472 0.7% 0.7% 0.8%
Pacific Islander alone (NH) 14 21 44 nil% nil% 0.1%
Other Race alone (NH) 138 169 335 0.2% 0.3% 0.6%
Mixed race or Multiracial (NH) 1,302 2,159 3,766 2.0% 3.6% 6.4%
Hispanic or Latino (any race) 770 1,824 2,865 1.2% 3.0% 4.9%
Total 65,358 60,608 58,662 100% 100% 100%

2010 census

As of the 2010 census,[67] there were 60,608 people, 24,459 households, and 14,399 families residing in the city. The population density was 2,693.7 inhabitants per square mile (1,040.0/km2). There were 28,437 housing units at an average density of 1,263.9 per square mile (488.0/km2). The racial makeup of the city was 75.2% White, 18.1% African American, 0.3% Native American, 0.8% Asian, nil% Pacific Islander, and 4.0% from two or more races. Hispanic or Latino of any race were 3.0% of the population.

There were 24,459 households, of which 26.3% had children under the age of 18 living with them, 34.4% were married couples living together, 18.6% had a female householder with no spouse present, 5.9% had a male householder with no spouse present, and 41.1% were non-families. Of all households, 34.1% were made up of individuals, and 13.7% had someone living alone who was 65 years of age or older. The average household size was 2.38, and the average family size was 3.01.

In the population was spread out, with 24.4% under the age of 18, 11.5% from 18 to 24, 24.2% from 25 to 44, 24.6% from 45 to 64, and 15.3% who were 65 years of age or older. The median age was 36 years. For every 100 females, there were 90.9 males. For every 100 females age 18 and over, there were 86.2 males.

Crime

From 2012 through 2014, the city experienced a 21% increase in violent crime; from 618 per 100,000 persons to 750. Also during those years, occurrences of murder and non-negligent manslaughter steadily increased; from 5 to 7.[68][69][70] In 2015, Springfield's violent crime reached a 14-year high,[71][72] but this rate has since decreased.[73]

Economy

Springfield has a notably weakened economy due to many factors, but a key cause for degradation of the economy in Springfield has been the decline in manufacturing jobs. Between 1999 and 2014, Springfield saw the median income decrease by 27 percent, compared to just 8 percent across the country. In the 1990s, Springfield lost 22,000 blue collar jobs, which were the backbone of the city economy.[74] Today, Springfield largely relies on healthcare, manufacturing, transportation, leisure, education, financial institutions, and retail for employment.[75]

Government

The current mayor of Springfield is Rob Rue. The City of Springfield operates as a council-manager form of government, with an elected City Commission operating with an appointed City Manager. The Springfield City Commission is composed of the mayor and four city commissioners, all serving four-year terms. Commissioners must be residents of the city both one year prior and during their terms.[76]

Education

Wittenberg University

The majority of Springfield is in the Springfield City School District,[77] which enrolls approximately 7,000 students in public elementary and secondary schools.[78] The district operates fourteen public schools including ten elementary schools, three middle schools, and one high school, Springfield High School. Additionally, the district operates an alternative school.

Also located in Springfield is the Global Impact STEM Academy, an early-college middle school and high school certified in Science, Technology, Engineering, and Mathematics curriculum.[79] It was founded in 2013.[79]

Portions of Springfield to the north are in Northeastern Local School District and Northwestern Local School District. Portions to the west, south, and southeast are in Clark-Shawnee Local School District.[77]

File:Springfield HS Springfield OH USA.JPG
Springfield High School

Wittenberg University is a private liberal arts college founded in Springfield in 1845. Associated with the Evangelical Lutheran Church in America, its student body consists of roughly 1,300 full-time students.[80] The university is situated on a campus of 114 acres and offers more than seventy majors. Wittenberg has more than 150 campus organizations, which include ten national fraternities and sororities. The WUSO radio station is operated on the campus.

The city is also home to Clark State College, which offers associates and bachelors degrees.[81] The Springfield and Clark County Technical Education Program opened in 1962 and began to offer technical training for residents of Springfield and surrounding communities, and was chartered as the Clark County Technical Institute on February 18, 1966, as Ohio’s first technical college to be sanctioned by the Ohio Board of Regents.

The Clark County Public Library operates three public libraries within the city of Springfield.[82]

Media

File:SpringfieldOH News-Sun.jpg
Springfield News-Sun former headquarters

The city is served by one daily newspaper, the Springfield News-Sun. The Wittenberg Torch is the newspaper of Wittenberg University. WEEC-FM radio, featuring Christian-based programming, is also located in the city. Two AM radio stations are licensed to Springfield, WIZE 1340, owned by iHeart Media, and WULM 1600, licensed to Radio Maria, but neither is locally operated or programmed. WIZE broadcasts iHeart's Black Information Network and WULM, Catholic programming originated at KJMJ-AM, Alexandria, LA.

Transportation

Ohio State Route 72 runs north-south through downtown Springfield. U.S. Highway 40 runs east-west through the downtown. U.S. Highway 68 runs north-south on the west edge of the city. Interstate 70 runs east-west to the south of the city.

Springfield–Beckley Municipal Airport, a civil-military airport, is 6.6 miles south of Springfield, between US 68 and Ohio Route 72. The closest airport with commercial passenger flights is Dayton International Airport, 27.2 miles to the west.

Springfield had been served by passenger railroads of the New York Central at its Big Four Depot, with trains for Cincinnati, Detroit, Cleveland and New York City,[83] demolished in 1969, and the Pennsylvania Railroad at its station, with a train due for Richmond, Indiana and Chicago.[84] The last train from Springfield, an unnamed remnant of the New York Central's Ohio State Limited, running on the (Cincinnati – Columbus – Cleveland) route by the Penn Central, had its final trip on April 30, 1971.[85]

Notable people

The following are notable people born and/or raised in Springfield:

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Gallery

  • Springfield Ohio c1830.JPG

    Springfield around 1830

  • Springfield Ohio c1900.jpg

    Springfield around 1900

  • Springfield-ohio-courthouse.jpg

    Clark County Courthouse in downtown Springfield

  • SpringfieldOH Old City Hall.jpg

    Old City Hall, now the Clark County Heritage Center

See also

References

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External links

  • City of Springfield
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 Troy, Ohio Urbana, Ohio Mechanicsburg, Ohio
New Carlisle, Ohio Columbus, Ohio
  Springfield  
Dayton, Ohio Wilmington, Ohio South Charleston, Ohio

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  83. ↑ New York Central timetable, December 7, 1948, Tables 26, 27, 28 https://streamlinermemories.info/NYC/NYC47-12TT.pdf
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  85. ↑ Passenger trains operating on the eve of Amtrak http://ctr.trains.com/~/media/import/files/pdf/f/7/7/passenger_trains_operating_on_the_eve_of_amtrak.pdf
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