Sukkur

Sukkur
City
Sukkur سکر (Sindhi)
Bridges in Sukkur
Nickname(s): Dariya Dino (Sindhi: Gift of River)
Sukkur
Coordinates:
Country	Pakistan
Province	Sindh
Area
• Total	5,165 km2 (1,994 sq mi)
Elevation	67 m (220 ft)
Population (2011)
• Total	1,383,124
• Density	164.6/km2 (426/sq mi)
Time zone	PST (UTC+5)
Calling code	071
Number of towns	4
Number of Union councils	1
Sukkur District Websitedead link]

Sukkur , formerly Aror [ərōr] (Sindhi: اروڙ‎, Urdu: اروڑ) and Bakhar, is the 14th largest city of Pakistan and third largest city of Sindh province, situated on the west bank of Indus River in Pakistan in Sukkur District. However, the word Sakhar in Sindhi means "superior", which the spelling of the city's name in Sindhi suggests is the origin of the name. modern-day Sukkur was built by the British general Sir Charles Napier in the 1840s.

Administration

The city of Sukkur, as well as being Divisional and district headquarters, is the capital of Sukkur Division as a whole. Tehsils (Talukas) and contains many Union council.

Demographics

Religions in Sukkur
Religions			'
Islam			94.8%
Hinduism			5%
Others			0.2%

Sukkur is noteworthy in Sindh and Pakistan generally for its comparative tolerance towards religious and ethnic minorities. City is a multi ethnic and has a mix of Sindhi, Urdu speaking Muhajirs, Punjabis, Pashtuns, Brahui and Baloch People.

Sindhi are native to the area and speak its Sariki dialect. The independence of Pakistan in 1947 saw the influx of Muslim Urdu-speaking Muhajirs from India fleeing from anti-Muslim pogroms.

A large influx of Punjabis were attracted to the city after the Indus treaty settlement. Most Punjabis and Pakhtuns are distinct and separately living near the railway station and its vicinity. The city therefore has cosmopolitan atmosphere with multiethnic and multicultural communities.

Sukkur district

Main article: Sukkur District

File:Sukkur Satellite Image.JPG

A Satellite Image of River Indus near Sukkur by NASA

The district of Sukkur (whose name is derived from its headquarters Sukkur city) covers an area of 5,165 square kilometres. Geographically it is spanned from 27°05' to 28°02' north latitudes and from 68°47' to 69°43' east longitudes. The city of Sukkur is located at an altitude of 220 feet (67 m) from sea level, having terrestrial coordinates 68°52' east and 27°42' north. It is also the narrowest point of the lower Indus course.

Sukkur district shares its northern border with Shikarpur and the recently constituted Kashmore districts. Ghotki is located on the north-eastern side while Khairpur on the south. The border with India lies further east. Sukkur is also connected by road and by air with all major cities of Pakistan.

Climate

Sukkur
Climate chart (explanation)
J F M A M J J A S O N D     0     26 7     0     29 10     0     34 15     3     39 20     0     42 24     0     43 27     12     41 27     18     39 26     1     39 25     3     36 19     0     32 13     0     27 9 Average max. and min. temperatures in °C Precipitation totals in mm Source: My Weather 2
Imperial conversion J F M A M J J A S O N D     0     79 45     0     84 50     0     93 59     0.1     102 68     0     108 75     0     109 81     0.5     106 81     0.7     102 79     0     102 77     0.1     97 66     0     90 55     0     81 48 Average max. and min. temperatures in °F Precipitation totals in inches

The climate of Sukkur is characterised by very hot and hazy summer with dry and cool winter. Throughout the whole year wind speed is low and sunshine is abundant as the district exhibits a desert climate. Summer is very hot as the temperature can reach 50 °C (122 °F). Dry heat is experienced starting April to early June until the Monsoon season starts to arrive. Monsoons in the city of Sukkur are not very wet, but extremely high dew point couple up with very hot temperature makes the temperatures extremely uncomfortable. Dew point over 30 °C (86 °F) and heat index in excess of 65 °C (149 °F) are recorded on some days, which are some of highest heat indices recorded in the world. Monsoons recede by September, but it is not until late October that the short lived autumn season is experienced. The average annual rainfall of the city is a scanty ... However, winter is mild and cool. Night temperatures rarely fall below freezing while day time temperatures are rather warm and comfortable. It is one of the few districts of Sindh to experience foggy conditions similar to that of north and central Punjab.

History

Sukkur on the west bank of the River Indus (1860s)

Sukkur has been an important strategic centre and trading route from time immemorial. Alor (or Aror, Sukkur) held the status of capital under the reign of Musikanos, when Alexander invaded the region in 326 BCE. The ruins of this ancient town still exist, 8 kilometres (5.0 mi) east of Rohri, in Sukkur district. The Rai dynasty built a huge temple of Shiva. In 711 CE, the Arabs conquered Sindh, led by 17-year-old Muhammad bin Qasim, and Sukkur (including all of Sindh and lower Punjab) became part of the Umayyad Caliphate.

Later Mughals and many semi-autonomous tribes ruled over Sukkur. The city was ceded to Mirs of Khairpur between 1809 and 1824. In 1833, Shah Shuja (a warlord of Kandahar, Afghanistan) defeated the Talpurs near Sukkur and later made a solemn treaty with the Talpur ruler, by which he relinquished all claims on Sindh. In 1843, the British (General Charles James Napier) defeated the Talpurs at the battles of Miani and Dubbo near Hyderabad. Sukkur, along with the rest of Sindh, was under British rule until the independence of Pakistan in 1947. The (current) district of Sukkur was constituted in 1901 out of part of Shikarpur District, the remainder of which was formed into the Larkana District. Sukkur saw a significant socio-economic uplift after the 1930s, when the British built the world's largest barrage here on the Indus River. The predominantly Muslim population supported Muslim League and Pakistan Movement. After the independence of Pakistan in 1947, the minority Hindus and Sikhs migrated to India while the Muslim refugees from India settled in the Sukkur.

Sukkur Barrage

The Sukkur Barrage has 66 Gates. The Sukkur Barrage (formally called Lloyd Barrage), built under the British Raj on the Indus River, controls one of the largest irrigation systems in the world. It was designed by Sir Arnold Musto KCIE, and constructed under the overall direction of Sir Charlton Harrison, KCIE, as Chief Engineer. Construction of the barrage was started in 1923 and completed in January 1932. The 5,001 feet (1,524 m) long barrage is made of yellow stone and steel and can water nearly 10 million acres (40,000 km²) of farmland through its seven large canals. Some of the canals are larger than the Suez Canal.

In November 2004, the government of Pakistan initiated a rehabilitation project to revitalise its water storage capacity and distribution efficiency. The project was completed in July 2005, (with less than the allocated amount of Rs. 887 million). Experts believe that the rehabilitation of the barrage has enhanced its efficiency for another 60 to 70 years.

Economy

Industry

Sukkur is a hub of many small and large scale industries. Among important industries are Biscuit factories, Vegetable (Cooking) oil and Vanaspati Ghee Mills, cotton textiles, cement, leather, tobacco, paint and varnish, pharmaceuticals, agriculture implements, metal foundries, hand pumps, lock making, rice-husking, and sugar. Small-scale cottage industries comprise hosiery, boat making, fishing accessories, thread ball spooling, trunk making, brass-wares, cutlery, ceramics. Milk Plant Engro Foods.

Agriculture

Sukkur had a large fertile and cultivable land area until a few decades ago, when the Indus river was not as barren as today. Now its agricultural productivity has been much reduced. It has not achieved a reasonable yield per unit area over time, on account of continuous shortages of water and ignorance of modern irrigation systems. Despite the lack of water, during kharif, rice, bajra, cotton, tomatoes and peas are cultivated; whereas during rabi the main crops are wheat, barley, graham and melons. Sukkur is famous, world over, for its dates. Sukkur also has a large Riveraine forest along the course of the Indus. These tropical forests are found within the protective embankments on either side of the Indus. During 1997–98 the total area under forests was 510 km² which yielded 55,000 cubic feet (1,600 m³) of timber and 27,000 cubic feet (760 m³) of firewood besides other mine products.

Education

See List of educational institutions in Sukkur

Sites of interest

• Sadh Belo ساڌ ٻيلو Temple on River Indus
• Mount of Aror
• Jamia Masjid Bunder Road
• Tomb of Mian Adam Shah Kalhoro
• Tomb of the Seven Maidens Seven Sisters
• Tomb of Abdul Baqi, Ex-Governor of Bukkur.
• Bukkur Island
• Minaret of Masum Shah
• Lansdowne Bridge
• Sukkur Barrage
• Lab-e-Mehran
• Muhammad bin Qasim Park

See also

• Alor and Arora
• Sadh Belo
• List of educational institutions in Sukkur
• Hemu Kalani, Sukkur born freedom fighter
• Sukkur Airport
• Sukkur Division

External links

• Sukkur travel guide from Wikivoyage
• District Government Sukkur
• Ghulam Muhammad Maher Medical College, Sukkur
• ADB Report on Sukkur Barrage 2001
• An Overview of the History and Impacts of the Water Issue in Pakistan
• Pakistan Floods Situation Report, 26 July 2005