Turks in Germany
Total population | |
---|---|
(1.55 million (Turkish citizens, in 2013) 2.71 million (Residents in Germany with at least one parent from Turkey)[1] ![]() |
|
Regions with significant populations | |
North Rhine-Westphalia · Stuttgart · Munich · Berlin · Frankfurt · Hanover · Nuremberg | |
Languages | |
German language, Turkish language [3] | |
Religion | |
Predominantly Islam (Sunni · Alevi) |
Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found. Turks in Germany (German: Türken in Deutschland or Deutsch-Türken; Turkish: Almanya Türkleri, "Almancılar") refers to persons living in Germany originating from Turkey. They form the largest ethnic minority in Germany.[4][5][6] Before, some older sources overestimate and underestimate the number of people with Turkish background. 1.55 million people still hold Turkish citizenship, thus forming the largest group of non-citizens in Germany.[7]
Contents
History
Large-scale migration of Turkish citizens to West Germany developed during the Wirtschaftswunder ("economic miracle") of the 1960s and 1970s. Suffering from an acute labour shortage because of the economic boom, the West German government negotiated a trade of labour with their Turkish counterparts. Turkish workers were invited to move to West Germany to fill in this void, particularly to work in the factories to do simple repetitive tasks. Turkish citizens soon became the largest group of Gastarbeiter—literally, guest workers—in West Germany, labouring alongside Italians, Yugoslavs, Spaniards, Greeks and other immigrants. The perception at the time on the part of both the West German Government and the Turkish Republic representatives was that working in Germany would only be temporary. Within a few years, the migrant workers showed considerable signs of distress and were permitted to re-unite with their existing and abandoned families. Eventually, many became settled permanent residents by default with the birth of offspring, school and other obligations in the new lands.
Demographics
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According to the census 2011 there are almost 3 million people having at least one parent immigrated from Turkey. In 2013, there were 1,550,000 Turkish citizens in Germany which accounted for 22.1% of Germany's foreign population and thus the largest ethnic minority. The official number of Turks with Turkish citizenship in Germany is falling, partly because about 30-70,000 are taking on German citizenship per year (with a downward trend, however[8]), and since the year 2000, children born in Germany are entitled to adopt German citizenship if at least one parent has lived for eight years in Germany and has a perpetual residence permit.[9][10]
In 2005, there were 840,000 German citizens of Turkish origin.[11] Overall, the number of German residents with origins in Turkey was approximately 2,998,000 or approximately 3.7% of Germany's population.
Population distribution
Turks in Germany are concentrated predominantly in urban centers. Currently, about 60% of Turkish immigrants live in cities whilst at least a quarter of Turks live in smaller towns.[12] The vast majority are found in the former West Germany. The majority live in industrial regions such as the states of North Rhine-Westphalia, and Baden-Württemberg and the working-class neighbourhoods of cities like Berlin (especially in Neukölln), Hamburg, Bremen, Cologne, Duisburg, Düsseldorf, Frankfurt, Mannheim, Mainz, Nuremberg, Munich, and Stuttgart.[13][14]
State | Number of Turks | % of State population | % of Turks in Germany[15] |
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North Rhine-Westphalia |
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Baden-Württemberg |
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Bavaria |
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Hessen |
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Berlin |
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Lower Saxony |
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Rhineland-Palatinate |
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Hamburg |
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Schleswig-Holstein |
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Bremen |
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Neue Länder (former East Germany) |
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Saarland |
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Total | 2,998,000 | 3.7 | 100.0 |
Characteristics
The German state does not keep statistics on ethnicity so, therefore, categorizes all ethnic groups originating from Turkey as being of Turkish national origin. This has the consequence of ethnic minorities from Turkey now living in Germany being referred to as "Turks". About one-fourth[16][17] to one-fifth[18][19] of Turkish nationals are ethnic Kurds (amounting to some 350,000),[20] around 100,000 are Assyrians (Who came here en masse due to persecution for their Christian religion) and other groups possibly included as Turks could include Zazas, Circassians, Greeks, Jews, Armenians and some others. However, many of the last few Turkish minorities listed are assimilated, and don't even consider themselves as minorities. Furthermore, the number of ethnic Turks who have immigrated to Germany from Bulgaria, Cyprus, Greece, the Republic of Macedonia, Romania and other traditional areas of Turkish settlement which were once part of the Ottoman territories in Europe are unknown as these Turkish minorities are categorised by their citizenship rather than their Turkish ethnicity.
Other Turkish communities
The official estimates of the Turkish immigrant population in Germany does not include the Turks whose origins go back to the Ottoman Empire. In Germany, there are ethnic Turkish people such as Turks from Bulgaria, Turks from Cyprus, Turks from Greece (Crete / Dodecanese / Western Thrace), Turks from Romania and Yugoslavia. These populations, which have different nationalities, share the same ethnic, linguistic, cultural and religious origins as Turkish nationals.[21]
Bulgaria
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From the early 1990s Western Europe began to attract Turks from Bulgaria for the first time in their social history. Migration to Germany, in particular, was initiated by those Bulgarian Turks who, for various reasons, were unable to join the first massive migration wave to Turkey in 1989 or who were part of the subsequent return wave which was dissatisfied with the conditions of life or the social adjustment prospects there. The majority of Turks from Bulgaria migrated to Germany in the 1990s asylum regime, which provided generous social benefits.[22][23]
Cyprus
Approximately 2,000 Turkish Cypriots live in Germany.[24]
Greece
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There are some members of the Greek Muslim community among the some 300,000 Greeks living in Germany who are Turkish-speaking or who espouse a Turkish identity.[25] The majority of Greek Muslims come from Western Thrace.[26] In the 1960s and 1970s, the Thracian tobacco industry was affected by a severe crisis and many tobacco growers lost their income. This resulted in many Muslims leaving Greece and immigrating to Germany with estimates suggesting that today there are now between 19,000[27] and 29,000[28] residing in Germany.
Lebanon
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In 1950, thousands of Turks left the Turkish city of Mardin and headed for Lebanon because of the economic crises and unemployment in Turkey. Though the first Turks who left for Lebanon were originally just going to make money, they started to plan the rest of their lives there (mainly in Beirut). However, most of these Turks then migrated to European countries due to the war between the Arabs and the Israelis. When the Israel Lebanon war took place in 2006, more than 20,000 Turks fled Lebanon, forced to take refuge in Germany and various other European countries.[29]
Republic of Macedonia
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Culture
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Due to the geographic proximity of Germany and Turkey, cultural transfer and influence from the country of origin has remained considerable among the Turkish minority. Furthermore, the majority of second-generation Turks appear to have developed emotional and cultural ties to their parents' country and also to the country which they live in and intend to remain.[30] Most Turks live in two conflicting cultures with Taim Al Jarrah with contrasting behaviour codes and patterns of belonging. At work or school, German culture tends to dominate, while during leisure time social networks divide along ethnic lines of the Turkish culture. In the first generation of migrants, social networks were almost exclusively Turkish, and now in the second and third generations this segregation line remains just as effective as ever.[31]
Language
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The Turkish language is Germany’s main immigrant language.[32][33][34] The second and third generation Turks often speak a variety of German referred to as "Kiezdeutsch.[35]" Some modify their Turkish by adding German grammatical and syntactical structures or the other way round. In the early 1990s a new sociolect called "Türkendeutsch" emerged which is often seen as "ghetto-language". Grammatically poor German and a certain pronunciation as well as a colloquial tone are characteristic of this lingual variety. Today it is not only used by many people with Turkish background but also by different ethnic groups including ethnic Germans in urban areas with a high concentration of migrants. In some schools of Germany, Turkish has even been approved as a subject to be studied for the Abitur.[36]
Religion
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Turks are the predominant Muslim ethnic group in Germany. In fact, by the 1960s, the label Turk in Germany was synonymous with Muslim.[37] Today, Turks make up 63.2% of Germany’s Muslim population.[38] Thus, Islam in Germany has a largely Turkish character.[39] Religion has proven to be of particular importance for Turks in Germany for reasons more to do with ethnic reassurance rather than faith.[40] More than any other manifestation of their cultural values, Islam is regarded as the one feature that most strongly differentiates them in terms of identity from the majority of the German population.[41]
Not all Turks in Germany are Muslim, though. 6% of Turkish youth in Germany adhere to no religion,[42] others adhere to non-Muslim faiths such as Christianity or Yazidi.
Religious practice
A study comparing Turkish Muslim youths living in Germany and German youth found that the former were more likely to attend religious services regularly (35% versus 14%). 41% of young Turkish Muslim boys and 52% of the girls said they prayed "sometimes or regularly", 64% of boys and 74% of girls said they wanted to teach their children religion.[43] 25% of the Turkish women from the first generation and 17% from the second generation wear a headscarf.[44]
Integration issues
Year | Population | Year | Population |
---|---|---|---|
1982 | 580 | 1996 | 46,294 |
1983 | 853 | 1997 | 42,420 |
1984 | 1,053 | 1998 | 59,664 |
1985 | 1,310 | 1999 | 103,900 |
1986 | 1,492 | 2000 | 82,861 |
1987 | 1,184 | 2001 | 76,573 |
1988 | 1,243 | 2002 | 64,631 |
1989 | 1,713 | 2003 | 56,244 |
1990 | 2,034 | 2004 | 44,465 |
1991 | 3,529 | 2005 | 32,661 |
1992 | 7,377 | 2006 | 33,388 |
1993 | 12,915 | 2007 | 28,861 |
1994 | 19,590 | 2008 | 25,230 |
1995 | 31,578 | 2009 | 24,647 |

Turkish immigrants from the onset were regarded as temporary settlers, hence the name guest workers. Consequently, Germany did not put into place structures that would facilitate the integration of the Turks in the new society, and neither did the Turks themselves work toward becoming integrated into the new society. Furthermore, Turks are perceived by some to be the 'most foreign' group in Germany.[48][49]
Discrimination
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For Turks in German society, patterns of discrimination maintain disadvantages of low economic and social status, whilst also restraining social advancement.[50] The number of violent acts by right-wing extremists in Germany increased dramatically between 1990 and 1992.[51] On November 25, 1992, three Turkish residents were killed in a firebombing in Mölln (Western Germany).[52] The attack prompted even further perplexity since the victims were neither refugees nor lived in a hostel.[53] Author Greg Nees, writing in 2000, stated that "Because Turks are both darker-skinned and Muslim, conservative Germans are largely against granting them citizenship."[54]
Integration problems
In recent years, some in the Turkish minority have shown cultural problems in integrating into German society.[55] A recent non-governmental telephone survey, carried out jointly by Liljeberg and the Berlin-based INFO polling company sampled 1011 Turkish migrants living in Germany. It showed 72% of the Turks surveyed in Germany believe that Islam is the only true religion, 62% prefer social contacts only to fellow Turks, 46% wish that one day more Muslims live in Germany than Christians, 25% think atheists are inferior human beings and 18% felt that Jews are inferior people.[56][57][58]
Citizenship
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Under previous German law, children born to foreigners in Germany were not entitled to German citizenship by birth. This was modified in 1991.[59] In 2000, legislation was passed which conferred German citizenship on the German-born children of foreigners (born after 1990), and the naturalisation process was made easier, although dual citizenship is only permitted to citizens of the EU and Switzerland and any other national possessing it (including citizens of Turkey) by virtue of birth must choose between the ages of 18 and 23 which citizenship she or he wishes to retain, and renounce their other passport.[60] If one parent is German, a dual citizen is not required to give up the German citizenship if they keep the other citizenship.[citation needed] These strict limits on dual citizenship are criticised by liberal parties in Germany and institutions which promote German-Turkish relations. Former Turkish citizens who have given up their Turkish citizenship can apply for the "Blue Card" (Mavi Kart), which gives them some citizens' rights back, e.g. the right to live and work in Turkey, the right to possess land or the right to inherit, but not, for example, the right to vote.
Political behaviour
Turks have been a somewhat inert force in German politics because the first generation of Turks saw their stay in Germany as temporary. Moreover, few Turks have German citizenship and the attention of many Turks focuses on Turkish rather than German politics. However, in recent years, there has been increasing political participation by Turks in Germany, even those who are not citizens. Because of its supportive stand on immigration and naturalisation, most Turks favour the Social Democratic Party (SPD).[20] A survey following the 2005 Federal election revealed close to 90 percent voted for Gerhard Schröder's SPD/Green alliance. There are now many parliamentarians — both at state and federal level — with family origins in Turkey. In 2008 German-born second generation Turk Cem Özdemir became leader of the German Green Party.
Popular culture
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Turkish-German Cinema developed in the late 1990s and 2000s, dealing prominently with issues of transcultural contact and integration. One of the internationally most acclaimed Turkish-German directors is Fatih Akın, who is known for his movies Head-On (2004, with Sibel Kekilli) and The Edge of Heaven (2007). Especially since the 2000s, Turkish-German contributors and issues also entered German television, e.g. with the critically acclaimed television comedy-drama series Türkisch für Anfänger ('Turkish for Beginners', ARD 2006 – 2009, created by Bora Dağtekin). Its 2012 movie spin-off of the same title became the most successful German movie of the year.[61]
Timeline
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Notable people
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Mesut Özil, Germany national football team (04).jpg
Mesut Özil, footballer
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Halil Altıntop, footballer
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Schalke Hamit Altintop03.jpg
Hamit Altıntop, footballer
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Kaya Yanar, comedian
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1 Live Krone 2013 Bülent Ceylan 1.jpg
Bülent Ceylan, comedian
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Fatih Akin Goa 2010.jpg
Fatih Akın, film director
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Nazan Eckes, television presenter
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Mehmet Scholl.jpg
Mehmet Scholl, footballer
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WikiCemOezdemir.JPG
Cem Özdemir, politician
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Ekin Deligöz, politician
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Django-asuel.jpg
Django Asül, comedian
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Atiye Deniz 2007.jpg
Atiye Deniz, singer
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Ercandize sommer 2005 in dortmund.jpg
Ercandize, rapper
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Eko Fresh.jpg
Eko Fresh, rapper
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Malik-Fathi BMK.jpg
Malik Fathi, footballer
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Sibel Kekilli, actress
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Monrose - Bahar Kızıl (2908).jpg
Bahar Kızıl, singer
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Muhabbet, singer
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Asli Bayram.jpg
Aslı Bayram, Miss Germany 2005
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Gökalp.Özekler.jpg
Gökalp Özekler, boxer
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Berkant Göktan, footballer
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Asiye Özlem Şahin, boxer
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Nuri Şahin, footballer
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Kool savas.jpg
Kool Savas, rapper
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Tarkan, singer
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Serdar Tasci.jpg
Serdar Tasci, footballer
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Ilkay Gündogan 2013 in Wilhelmshaven.jpeg
İlkay Gündoğan, footballer
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Leyla Tuğutlu, Miss Turkey 2008
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Gökhan Töre, footballer
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Cevat Yerli at gamescom 2009 PNr°0129.JPG
Cevat Yerli, CEO and President of Crytek
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Muhammed Suiçmez, guitarist of the band Necrophagist
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Fryderyk August Rutowski.jpeg
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Hakan-Calhanoglu-2015-08.jpg
Hakan Çalhanoğlu, Footballer
See also
- Demographics of Germany
- Diyanet İşleri Türk İslam Birliği
- German–Turkish relations
- List of Turkish Germans
- Turks in Berlin
- Turks in Europe
- Turks in the Netherlands
- Turkish American
- Turks in Denmark
Notes
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References
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Bibliography
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Further reading
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- Yukleyen, Ahmet. Localizing Islam in Europe: Turkish Islamic Communities in Germany and the Netherlands (Syracuse University Press; 2012) 280 pages; explores diversity with a comparative study of five religious communities in the two countries.
External links
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Wikimedia Commons has media related to Turks in Germany. |
- Germany-Turkey
- "Germany's guest workers mark 40 years", By Rob Broomby, BBC News
- Berlin Türk Kulübü
- Turkish Flair in Berlin
- Citizenship Test
- Migrants in Germany
- ↑ Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
- ↑ http://www.hurriyetdailynews.com/193000-turks-come-back-from-germany-in-4-years.aspx?pageID=449&nID=42932&NewsCatID=341
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- ↑ Frank Gesemann. "Die Integration junger Muslime in Deutschland". Interkultureller Dialog - Islam und Gesellschaft Nr. 5 (year of 2006). Friedrich Ebert Foundation, on p. 9 - the document is written in German
- ↑ Frank Gesemann. "Die Integration junger Muslime in Deutschland. Interkultureller Dialog - Islam und Gesellschaft Nr. 5 (year of 2006). Friedrich Ebert Stiftung", on p. 9 - the document is written in German
- ↑ Deutsche Welle. mehr Muslime in Deutschland
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- ↑ Nees 2000, 155.
- ↑ Liljeberg Research International: Repräsentative Studie zum Integrationsverhalten von Türken in Deutschland
- ↑ Liljeberg Research International: Deutsch-Türkische Lebens und Wertewelten 2012, July/August 2012, p. 67f., 73
- ↑ Die Welt: Türkische Migranten hoffen auf muslimische Mehrheit, 17 August 2012, retrieved 23 August 2012
- ↑ The Jewish Press: In Germany, Turkish Muslims Hope for Muslim Majority, 27 August 2012, retrieved 27 September 2012
- ↑ Anderson 2000, 60.
- ↑ Gülalp 2006, 31.
- ↑ German movie charts (retrieved February 04, 2013)
- ↑ Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
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