Y-DNA haplogroups in populations of Europe
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Y-DNA haplogroups in populations of Europe are haplogroups of the male Y-chromosome found in European populations.
Contents
Frequencies in European ethnic groups
The table below shows the human Y-chromosome DNA haplogroups, based on relevant studies, for various ethnic and other notable groups from Europe. The samples are taken from individuals identified with the ethnic and linguistic designations shown in the first two columns; the third column gives the sample size studied; and the other columns give the percentage for each particular haplogroup (ethnic groups from the North Caucasus, although technically located in Europe, are considered in their own article where they are placed alongside populations of the South Caucasus for the purpose of conserving space).
Note: The converted frequency of Haplogroup 2, including modern haplogroups I, G and sometimes J from some old studies conducted before 2004 may lead to unsubstantial[clarification needed] frequencies below.
| Population | Language[1] | n | R1b | R1a | I | E1b1b | J | G | N | T | Others | Reference |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Albanians | IE (Albanian) | 51 | 17.6% 9/51 |
9.8% 5/51 |
19.6% 10/51 |
21.57% 11/51 |
23.53% 12/51 |
2.0% 1/51 |
0.0 | 0.0 | Semino2000[2] | |
| Albanians (Pristina) | IE (Albanian) | 114 | 21.10% 24/114 |
4.42% 5/114 |
7.96% 9/114 |
47.40% 54/114 |
16.7% 19/114 |
0 | 0 | 0 | 1.77% 2/114 |
Pericic2005[3] |
| Albanians (Tirana) | IE (Albanian) | 30 | 13.3% 4/30 |
13.3% 4/30 |
16.7% 5/30 |
23.3% 7/30 |
20.0% 6/30 |
3.3% 1/30 |
Bosch2006[4] | |||
| Albanians (Tirana) | IE (Albanian) | 55 | 18.2% 10/55 |
9.1% 5/55 |
21.8% 12/55 |
25.4% 14/55 |
23.5% 13/55 |
1.8% 1/55 |
0.0 | 0.0 | Battaglia2008[5] | |
| Albanians (Macedonia) | IE (Albanian) | 64 | 18.8% 12/64 |
1.6% 1/64 |
17.2% 11/64 |
39.1% 25/64 |
22% 14/64 |
1.6% 1/64 |
0.0 | 0.0 | Battaglia2008[5] | |
| Albanians (Tirana and Macedonia) | IE (Albanian) | 55+64 119 |
18.50% 22/119 |
5.05% 6/119 |
19.33% 23/119 |
32.8% 39/119 |
22.70% 27/119 |
1.7% 2/119 |
0.0 | 0.0 | Battaglia2008[5] | |
| Albanians | IE (Albanian) | 223 | 18.39% 41/223 |
4.04% 9/223 |
13% 29/223 |
35.43% 79/223 |
23.77% 53/223 |
2.69% 6/223 |
0 | 0.9% 2/223 |
1.79% 4/223 |
Sarno2015[6] |
| Arkhangelsk (Russia) | IE (Slavic), Uralic | 28 | 0 | 17.9 | 50.0 | 3.6 | 0 | 0 | 28.6 | 0 | 0 | Mirabal2009[7] |
| Andalusians | IE (Italic) | 29 | 65.52% 19/29 |
0.0 | 0.0 | 0.0 | 6.9 | L=3.4 | Semino2000[2] | |||
| Andalusians | IE (Italic) | 103 | 3.9 | Rootsi2004[8] | ||||||||
| Andalusians | IE (Italic) | 76 | 9.2 | 1.1 | Semino2004[9] | |||||||
| Armenians | IE (Armenian) | 413 | 29.06% 120/413 |
1.7% 7/413 |
3.63% 15/413 |
5.09% 21/413 |
J1=10.65% 44/413 J2=25.42% 105/413 |
9.44% 39/413 |
0.24% 1/413 |
8.48% 35/413 |
Q=0.24% 1/413 |
Herrara2012 |
| Aromuns (Dukasi, Albania) | IE (Italic) | 39 | 2.56% 1/39 |
2.56% 1/39 |
17.95% 7/39 |
17.95% 7/39 |
48.72% 19/39 |
10.26% 4/39 |
0.0 | 0.0 | Bosch2006[4] | |
| Aromuns (Andon Poci, Albania) | IE (Italic) | 19 | 36.84% 7/19 |
0.0 | 42.11% 8/19 |
15.79% 3/19 |
5.26% 1/19 |
0.0 | 0.0 | 0.0 | Bosch2006[4] | |
| Aromuns (Kruševo, Macedonia) | IE (Italic) | 43 | 27.91% 12/43 |
11.63% 5/43 |
20.93% 9/43 |
20.93% 9/43 |
11.63% 5/43 |
6.98% 3/43 |
0.0 | 0.0 | Bosch2006[4] | |
| Aromuns (Štip, Macedonia) | IE (Italic) | 65 | 23.08% 15/65 |
21.54% 14/65 |
16.92% 11/65 |
18.46% 12/65 |
20.0 13/65 |
0.0 | 0.0 | 0.0 | Bosch2006[4] | |
| Aromuns (Romania) | IE (Italic) | 42 | 23.81% 10/42 |
2.38% 1/42 |
19.05% 8/42 |
7.14% 3/42 |
33.33% 14/42 |
0.0 | Bosch2006[4] | |||
| Aromuns Balkan) | IE (Italic) | 208[nb 1] | 21.63% 45/20 |
10.1% 21/208 |
20.67% 43/208 |
16.35% 34/208 |
25% 52/208 |
3.37% 7/208 |
0.0 | 0.0 | Bosch2006[4] | |
| Ashkenazi Jews | Afro-Asiatic (Semitic) | 79 | 12.7 | 22.8 | 43.04% 34/79 |
Nebel2001[10] | ||||||
| Ashkenazi Jews | Afro-Asiatic (Semitic) | 442 | 4.1 | 19.7 | 38.01% 168/442 |
9.7 | 0.2 | Behar2004[11] | ||||
| Austrians | IE (Germanic, West) | 219 | 32 | 14 | ||||||||
| Bashkirs (Perm) | Turkic | 43 | 86.05% 37/43 |
9.3% 4/43 |
0.0 | 0.0 | 0.0 | 2.33% 1/43 |
2.33% 1/43 |
0.0 | Lobov[12] | |
| Basque | Basque (Basque) | 67 | 88.06% 59/67 |
0.0 | 7.46% 5/67 |
2.2 |
1.0 |
0.0 | 0.0 | 0.0 | Semino2000[2] | |
| Basque | Basque (Basque) | 109 | 92.66% 101/109 |
0.92% 1/109 |
3.67% 4/109 |
0.92% 1/109 |
Adams2008[13] | |||||
| Bavarians | IE (Germanic, West) | 80 | 50.0% 40/80 |
15.0% 12/80 |
8.0% /80 |
5.0% 4/80 |
0.0 | 0.0 | Rosser2000[14] | |||
| Belgians | IE (Germanic/Italic) | 92 | 63.04% 58/92 |
4.0 | 2.0 | Rosser2000[14] | ||||||
| Belarusians | IE (Slavic, East) | 41 | 0.0 | 39.0 | 10.0 | 2.4 | Rosser2000[14] | |||||
| Belarusians | IE (Slavic, East) | 147 | 19.0 | Rootsi2004[8] | ||||||||
| Belarusians | IE (Slavic, East) | 68 | 4.4 | 45.6 | 25.0 | 4.4 | 1.5 | 8.8 | Kharkov2005[15] | |||
| Belarusians | IE (Slavic, East) | 306 | 4.2 | 51.0 | 4.6 | 3.3 | 9.5 | Behar2003[16] | ||||
| Bearnais | IE (Italic) | 26 | 7.7 | 3.8 | Semino2004[9] | |||||||
| Bearnais | IE (Italic) | 43 | 3.7 | Rootsi2004[8] | ||||||||
| Bosnians (Zenica) | IE (Slavic, South) | 69 | 1.4% 2/69 |
24.6% 17/69 |
53.65% 37/69[nb 2] |
10.14 7/69 |
0.0 | 4.35% 3/69 |
Pericic2005[3] | |||
| Bosniaks | IE (Slavic, South) | 85 | 4 | 15 | I2a=44 I1=5 |
13 | J2=10 J1=2 |
4 | 4 | Marjanovcic2006 | ||
| British | IE (Germanic, West) | 32 | 68.75% (22/32) |
9.38% (3/32) |
Helgason2000[17] | |||||||
| Bulgarians | IE (Slavic, South) | 127 | 11.0 | 17.3 | 27.5 | 19.7 | 18.1 | 1.6 | 0.8 | Karachanak2009[18] | ||
| Bulgarians | IE (Slavic, South) | 808 | 10.7 | 17.5 | I*=0.4 I1=4.3 I2a= 21.9 |
E1b1b1a 19.6% E1b1b1c 1.9% other=0.6% |
J1=3.4% J2=10.5% |
4.8% | 0.5% | 1.6% | C=0.5 H=0.6 L=0.2 Q=0.4 R2a=0.1 |
Karachanak2013[19] |
| Bulgarians | IE (Slavic, South) | 100 | 14.0 | 16.0 | 34.0 | 21.0 | 9.0 | 2.0 | 1.0 | 2.0 | others H 1.0 |
Begoña Martinez-Cruz2012[20] |
| Bulgarians (Pomaks) | IE (Slavic, South) | 17 | 23 | - | I2a1=35 I1-18 |
18 | J2=6 | - | - | - | Family Tree DNA - Bulgarian DNA Project.[21] |
|
| Catalans | IE (Italic) | 24 | 79.2 | 0.0 | 4.2 | 4.2 | 4.2 | 8.0 | Rootsi2004[8] | |||
| Catalans | IE (Italic) | 33 | 6.1 | 3.6 | Semino2004[9] | |||||||
| Cantabrians (Pasiegos) | IE (Italic) | 56 | 42.9 | Cruciani2004[22] | ||||||||
| Chuvashes | Turkic | 79 | 3.8 | 31.6 | 11.3 | 0 | 24.2 | 0 | 27.8 | 0 | Tambets2004[23] | |
| Croats (Bosnia) | IE (Slavic, South) | 90 | R1b1b2 2.22% 2/90 |
R1a1* 12.22% 11/90 |
I2a1* 73.33% 66/90 |
E-v13 E1b1b1a2 8.90% 8/90 |
J2a1k 1.11% 1/90 J2b* 1.11% 1/90 |
G2a* 1.11% 1/90 |
Battaglia2008[5] | |||
| Croats (Osijek) | IE (Slavic, South) | 29 | R1a1* 37.93% 11/29 |
I2a1* 27.59% 8/29 |
E-V13 E1b1b1a2 10.35% 3/29 |
J2a1b* 3.45% 1/29 J2b* 3.45% 1/29 J2b2 3.45% 1/29 |
G2a* 13.79% 4/29 |
Battaglia2008[5] | ||||
| Croats (Bosnia), +(Osijek) | IE (Slavic, South) | 90+29 119 |
R1b1b2 1.68% 2/119 |
R1a1* 18.49% 22/119 |
I2a1* 62.19% 74/119 |
E-V13 E1b1b1a2 9.24% 11/119 |
J2a1b* 0.84% 1/119 J2a1k 0.84% 1/119 J2b*1.68% 2/119 J2b2 0.84% 1/119 4.2% 5/119 |
G2a* 4.2% 5/119 |
Battaglia2008[5] | |||
| Croats (Split) | IE (Slavic, South) | 26 | Underhill 2009 | |||||||||
| Croats (Zabok, Zagreb, Delnice, Donji Miholjac, Pazin) | IE (Slavic, South) | 88 | 16% 14/88 |
33% 29/88 |
I2 36% 32/88 I1 3% 3/88 |
V13 7% 6/88 |
J2 2% 2/88 |
1% 1/88 |
Sarac2016[24] | |||
| Croats (Dubrovnik) | IE (Slavic, South) | 179 | 5% 9/179 |
13% 23/179 |
I2 54% 97/179 I1 9% 16/179 |
V13 6% 11/179) |
J2 6% 11/179) J1 1% 2/179 |
2% 4/179 |
2% 4/179 |
Sarac2016[24] | ||
| Croats (Zadar) | IE (Slavic, South) | 25 | 0 | 4% 1/25 |
I2 60% 15/25 I1 12% 3/25 |
V13 8% 2/25 |
J2 12% 3/25 |
4% 1/25 |
Sarac2016[24] | |||
| Croats (Žumberak) | IE (Slavic, South) | 44 | 11% 5/44 |
34% 15/44 |
I2 20% 9/44 I1 7% 3/44 |
V13 18% 8/44 |
J2 5% 2/44 |
2% 1/44 |
Sarac2016[24] | |||
| Croats | IE (Slavic, South) | 88+ 179+ 25+ 44= 336 |
8.33% 28/336 |
20.24% 68/336 |
I2 45.54% 153/336 I1 7.44% 25/336 |
V13 8.04% 27/336 |
J2 5.36% 18/336 J1=0.60% 2/336 |
1.79% 6/336 |
1.49% 5/336 |
Sarac2016[24] | ||
| Croats | IE (Slavic, South) | 1100 | 7.91% 87/1100 |
22.1% 243/1100 |
I2a 38.18% 420/1100 I1 5.82% 64/1100 |
10.73% 118/1100 |
J2 6.27% 69/1100 J1 1.1% 12/1100 |
2.73% 30/1100 |
0.64% 7/1100 |
0.64% 7/1100 |
H 1.82% 20/1100 Q 0.73% 8/1100 |
Mrsic2011[25] |
| Croats (Central proper) | IE (Slavic, South) | 220 | 31.82% 70/220 |
23.64% 52/220 |
I2a1 32.27% 71/220 others 6.82% 15/220 |
11.82% 26/220 |
8.64% 19/220 |
3.64% 8/220 |
Mrsic2011[25] | |||
| Croats (North of north proper) | IE (Slavic, South) | 220 | 29 | I2a1=25 others=7 |
Mrsic2011[25] | |||||||
| Croats (Slavonia) | IE (Slavic, South) | 220 | 19 | I2a1=40 others=6 |
Mrsic2011[25] | |||||||
| Croats (Dalmatia) | IE (Slavic, South) | 220 | 19 | I2a1=55 others=5 |
Mrsic2011[25] | |||||||
| Croats (Istria and south proper) | IE (Slavic, South) | 220 | 20 | I2a1=37 others=9 |
Mrsic2011[25] | |||||||
| Croats | IE (Slavic, South) | 119+ 336+ 1100= 1555 |
7.52% 117/1555 |
21.41% 333/1555 |
I2a 41.61% 647/1555 I1 5.72% 89/1555 |
10.03% 156/1555 |
J2 5.92% 92/1555 J1 0.90% 14/1555 |
2.63% 41/1555 |
0.45% 7/1555 |
0.45% 7/1555 |
H 1.29% 20/1555 Q 0.51% 8/1555 |
Battaglia2008[5] Sarac2016[24] Mrsic2011[25] |
| Croats (mainland) | IE (Slavic, South) | 189 | 38.1% 72/189 |
Rootsi2004[8] | ||||||||
| Czechs | IE (Slavic, West) | 257 | 34.2 | 18.3 | 5.8 | 4.7 | 5.1 | 1.6 | Luca2007[26] | |||
| Czechs and Slovaks | IE (Slavic, West) | 45 | 35.6 | 26.7 | 2.2 | Semino2000[2] | ||||||
| Czechs and Slovaks | IE (Slavic, West) | 198 | 13.6 | Rootsi2004[8] | ||||||||
| Danes | IE (Germanic, North) | 12 | 41.67% 5/12 |
16.67% 2/12 |
33.33% 4/12 |
Helgason2000[17] | ||||||
| Danes | IE (Germanic, North) | 194 | 38.7 | Rootsi2004[8] | ||||||||
| Danes | IE (Germanic, North) | 35 | 2.9 | Cruciani2004[22] | ||||||||
| Dutch | IE (Germanic, West) | 410 | 50.2 | 3.3 | 32.9 | 2.9 | 5.1 | 4.1 | 0.2 | Barjesteh2008[27] | ||
| Dutch | IE (Germanic, West) | 2085 | 57.9 | 4.0 | 27.8 | 2.6 | 3.5 | 2.7 | 0.05 | 0.7 | A=0.1, H=0.2, L=0.05, O=0.1, Q=0.3 | Altena2020[28] |
| English (Central) | IE (Germanic, West) | 215 | 61.9 | 5 | 25 | Weale2002[29] | ||||||
| English | IE (Germanic, West) | 1830 | U106=19 L21=12 U152=6 DF27=6 DF19=1 others=13 |
4 | I1=16 I2=9 |
3 | J2=3 J1=1 |
5 | FTDNA 2016[30] | |||
| Estonians | Uralic (Finnic) | 207 | 9.0 | 3.0 | 1.0 | 40.6 | Rosser2000[14] | |||||
| Estonians | Uralic (Finnic) | 118 | 37.3 | Laitinen2002[31] | ||||||||
| Estonians | Uralic (Finnic) | 210 | 18.6 | Rootsi2004[8] | ||||||||
| Finns | Uralic (Finnic) | 57 | 2.0 | 10.5 | 2.0 | 63.2 | Rosser2000[14] | |||||
| Finns | Uralic (Finnic) | 38 | 0.0 | 7.9 | 28.9 | 63.2 | [23] | |||||
| French | IE (Italic) | 23 | 52.2 | 0 | 17.4 | 8.7 | 4.3 | 0 | 0 | 0 | Semino2000[2] | |
| French | IE (Italic) | 40 | 8.0 | Rosser2000[14] | ||||||||
| Frisians | IE (Germanic, West) | 94 | 56.0 | 7.0 | 29.0 | 2.0 | 6.0 | Wilson2001[32] | ||||
| Frisians | IE (Germanic, West) | 94 | 55.3 | 7.4 | 34.0 | 2.1 | 1.4 | Weale2002[29] | ||||
| Gagauz (Kongaz) | Turkic | 48 | 10.4 | 12.5 | 31.3 | 16.7 | 8.3 | 10.4 | 4.2 | 6.3 | Varzari2006[33] | |
| Gagauz (Etulia) | Turkic | 41 | 14.6 | 26.8 | 24.4 | 9.8 | 7.3 | 17.1 | 0.0 | 0.0 | Varzari2006[33] | |
| Germans | IE (Germanic, West) | 48 | 47.9 | 8.1 | 22 | Helgason2000[17] | ||||||
| Germans | IE (Germanic, West) | 16 | 50 | 16 | 22 | 6.2 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | Semino2000[2] | |
| Germans | IE (Germanic, West) | 1215 | 38.9 | 17.9 | 23.6 | 6.2 | 4.0 | 1.6 | 7.7 | Kayser2005[34] | ||
| Germans | IE (Germanic, West) | 3,000+ | U106=18 L21=5 U152=9 DF27, DF19=9 others=3 |
12 | I1=13 I2=7 |
V13=5 | J2=5 J1=1 |
5 | 1 | Gabel 2013[35] | ||
| Greeks | IE (Greek) | 77 | R1 11.7% 9/77 |
R1a1 15.6% 12/77 |
19.5% 15/77 |
M35 1.3% 1/77 M78 16.9% 13/77 M123 2.6% 2/77 20.8% 16/77 |
J1 1.3% 1/77 J2 15.6% 12/77 16.9% 13/77 |
9.1% 7/77 |
0.0 | 0.0% | F 1.3% 1/77 H2 1.3% 1/77 K 1.3% 1/77 K2 2.6% 2/77 6.49% 5/77 |
Firasat2007[36] |
| Greeks | IE (Greek) | 118 | 22.8 | 8.3 | Helgason2000[17] | |||||||
| Greeks (continental) | IE (Greek) | 154 | 13% 20/154 |
12% 18/154 |
18% 28/154 |
24% 37/154 |
J2=18% 28/154, J1=2% 3/154 |
5% 8/154 |
8% 12/154 |
Di Giacommo 2003[37] | ||
| Greeks (Agrinio) | IE (Greek) | 21 | 19.05% 4/21 |
4.76% 1/21 |
23.81% 5/21 |
9.52% 2/21 |
J2=23.81% 5/21 J1=4.76% 1/21 |
4.76% 1/21 |
9.52% 2/21 |
Di Giacommo 2003[37] | ||
| Greeks (Ioannina) | IE (Greek) | 24 | 16.67% 4/24 |
8.33% 2/24 |
8.33% 2/24 |
29.17% 7/24 |
J2=16.67% 4/24 J1=4.17% 1/24 |
4.17% 1/24 |
12.5% 3/24 |
Di Giacommo 2003[37] | ||
| Greeks (Patrai) | IE (Greek) | 18 | 11.11% 2/18 |
5.56% 1/18 |
11.11% 2/18 |
44.44% 8/18 |
J2=16.67% 3/18 |
0 | 11.11% 2/18 |
Di Giacommo 2003[37] | ||
| Greeks (Kardhitsa) | IE (Greek) | 25 | 8% 2/25 |
20% 5/25 |
12% 3/25 |
28% 7/25 |
J2=12% 3/25 J1=4% 1/25 |
12% 3/25 |
4% 1/25 |
Di Giacommo 2003[37] | ||
| Greeks (Serrai) | IE (Greek) | 25 | 12% 3/25 |
8% 2/25 |
36% 9/25 |
24% 6/25 |
J2=16% 4/25 |
4% 1/25 |
Di Giacommo 2003[37] | |||
| Greeks (Thessaloniki) | IE (Greek) | 20 | 5% 1/20 |
25% 5/20 |
20% 4/20 |
20% 4/20 |
15% 3/20 |
5% 1/20 |
10% 2/20 |
Di Giacommo 2003[37] | ||
| Greeks (Larissa) | IE (Greek) | 21 | 19.05% 4/21 |
9.52% 2/21 |
14.29% 3/21 |
14.29% 3/21 |
J2=28.57% 6/21 |
4.76% 1/21 |
9.52% 2/21 |
Di Giacommo 2003[37] | ||
| Greeks (Heraklion) | IE (Greek) | 42 | 7.14% 3/42 |
0 | 14.29% 6/42 |
26.19% 11/42 |
J2=38.1% 16/42, J1=2.38% 1/42 |
9.52% 4/42 |
2.38% 1/42 |
Di Giacommo 2003[37] | ||
| Greeks (continental, Agrinio, Ioannina, Patrai, Kardhitsa, Serrai, Thessaloniki, Larissa, Heraklion) |
IE (Greek) | 154+ 21+ 24+ 18+ 25+ 25+ 20+ 21+ 42= 350 |
12.29% 43/350 |
10.29% 36/350 |
17.71% 62/350 |
24.29% 85/350 |
J2=19.71% 69/350, J1=2% 7/350, 0.86% 3/350 22.57% 79/350 |
5.71% 20/350 |
7.14% 25/350 |
Di Giacommo 2003[37] | ||
| Greeks (Nikomedeia, Lerna/Franchthi, Sesklo/Dimini) | IE (Greek) | 171 | 13.45% 23/171 |
11.11% 19/171 |
15.79% 27/171 |
31.58% 54/171 |
19.88% 34/171 |
4.68% 8/171 |
1.75 3/171 |
King2008[38] | ||
| Greeks (Crete) | IE (Greek) | 193 | 17.1% 33/193 |
8.81% 17/193 |
12.95% 25/193 |
8.81% 17/193 |
38.86% 75/193 |
10.88% 21/193 |
2.07% 4/193 |
King2008[38] | ||
| Greeks (Nikomedeia, Lerna/Franchthi, Sesklo/Dimini),+(Crete) | IE (Greek) | 171+ 193= 364 |
15.38% 56/364 |
9.89%% 36/364 |
14.29% 52/364 |
19.51% 71/364 |
29.95% 109/364 |
7.97% 29/364 |
1.92% 7/364 |
King2008[38] | ||
| Greeks (Peloponnese) | IE (Greek) | 36 | 47.42% 17/36 |
J-M172 (xM12) 13.89% 5/36 |
Semino2004[9] | |||||||
| Greeks (Thrace) | IE (Greek) | 41 | 12.2 | 22.0 | 19.5 | 19.5 | 19.5 | 4.9 | Bosch2006[4] | |||
| Greeks (North) | IE (Greek) | 96 | 14.6% 14/96 |
18.8% 18/96 |
12.5% 12/96 |
35.4% 34/96 |
5.2% 5/96 |
2.1% 2/96 |
L=1% 1/96 |
Zalloua2008[39] | ||
| Greeks (South) | IE (Greek) | 46 | 19.6% 9/46 |
2.2% 1/46 |
23.9% 11/46 |
43.5% 20/46 |
6.5% 3/46 |
2.2% 1/46 |
Zalloua2008[39] | |||
| Greeks (North)+(South) |
IE (Greek) | 96+ 46= 142 |
16.2% 23/142 |
13.38% 19/142 |
16.2% 23/142 |
38.03% 54/142 |
5.63% 8/142 |
2.11% 3/142 |
L=0.70% 1/142 |
Zalloua2008[39] | ||
| Greeks (Euboea) | IE (Greek) | 96 | 9 | 10 | I2a2=5 I2a1=4 I1=1 I2*=2 |
20 | J1=3 J2=25 |
9 | [40] | |||
| Greeks (Corinthia) | IE (Greek) | 110 | 9 | 17 | I2a1=11 I2a2=2 I2*=2 I1=1 |
27 | J1=6 J2=16 |
3 | [40] | |||
| Greeks (Macedonia) | IE (Greek) | 57 | 14.0 | M458=8.8 others=4 |
I1=8.8 I2a=17.5 I2*=3.5 |
22.9 | J1=1.8 J2=14.1 |
1.8 | 1.8 | Battaglia 2008[5][41] | ||
| Greeks (Athens) | IE (Greek) | 92 | 20 | M458=5 others=11 |
I1=2 I2a=7 I2*=1 |
E1b1b1a=20 E1b1b1c=2 |
J1=2 J2=21 |
3 | 4 | C=1, L=1 | Battaglia 2008[5] | |
| Greeks (Athens) | IE (Greek) | 132 | 15 | 6 | 27 | IJ+G=49, K*=4 | Waelle 2001[42] | |||||
| Greeks (Cyprus) | IE (Greek) | 629 | P312=2% 13/629 others=9% 57/629 11.13% 70/629 |
Z280=2% 13/629 M458=1% 6/629 Z93=1% 6/629 4% 25/629 |
4% 25/629 |
E1b1b1a=12% 76/629 E1b1b1c=11% 69/629 23% 145/629 |
J2=34% 214/629 J1=7% 44/629 41% 258/629 |
13% 82/629 |
3% 19/629 |
L=2% 13/629, H=1% 6/629 |
Voskarides 2016[43] | |
| Gypsy/Muslim Roma (Macedonia) | IE (Indic) | 57 | 1.8 | 1.8 | 5.3 | 29.8 | 1.8 | H=59.6 | Pericic2005[3] | |||
| Herzegovinians (Siroki Brijeg, Mostar) | IE (Slavic, South) | 141 | R1b 3.55% 5/141 |
R1a 12.06% 17/141 |
I* 2.13% 3/141 I1a 4.96% 7/141 I1b* (xM26) 63.83% 90/141 70.92% 100/141 |
E3b1 0.71% 1/141 E3b1-α 7.80% 11/141 8.51% 12/141 |
J2 1.42% 2/141 |
Pericic2005[3] | ||||
| Hungarians (Hungary) | Uralic (Ugric) | 215 | 18.1 | 25.6 | I1=7.91 I2a=16.74 I2b=2.79 I*=0.93 |
6.1 | J2=6.51 J*[xJ2]=3.72 |
4.2 | 0.47 | 0.0 | H=5.12 R2=0.47 R1*=1.40 |
Völgyi2008[44] |
| Hungarians (Paloc) | Uralic (Ugric) | 45 | 13.3 | 60.0 | 11.1 | 8.9 | 2.2 | 2.2 | 0.0 | 0.0 | L=2.2 | Semino2000[2] |
| Hungarians (Romania) | Uralic (Ugric) | 97 | 20 | 19 | I1=17 I2=5 |
9 | J2=11 J1=10 |
5 | 1 | [45] | ||
| Hungarians (Great Hungarian Plain) | Uralic (Ugric) | 100 | 15 | 30 | I2a1=13 I1=8 I=3 |
10 | J2=13 J1=3 |
3 | [45] | |||
| Icelanders | IE (Germanic, North) | 181 | 41.44% 75/181 |
23.76% 62/181 |
34.25% 43/181 |
Helgason2000[17] | ||||||
| Irish | IE (Germanic, West), IE (Celtic) | 222 | 81.53% 181/222 |
0.45% 1/222 |
14.86% 33/222 |
Helgason2000[17] | ||||||
| Irish | IE (Germanic, West), IE (Celtic) | 257 | 2.0 | Rosser2000[14] | ||||||||
| Italians | IE (Italic) | 50 | 62.0 | 8.0 | 10.0 | Rootsi2004[8] | ||||||
| Italians | IE (Italic) | 2.7[17] | 13.0[14] | |||||||||
| Italians (Calabria) | IE (Italic) | 32.4[2] | 5.4[8] | 23[9] | 24.6[9] | |||||||
| Italians (Apulia) | IE (Italic) | 2.6[8] | 13.9[9] | 31.4[9] | ||||||||
| Italians | IE (Italic) | 884 | U152=19 U106=4 L21=2 M167=1 other P312=5 others=8 |
3 | I2a1=5 other I2=2 I1=4 |
E1b1b1a=10 E1b1b1c=3 E1b1b1b=1 |
J2=14 J1=4 |
12 | 2 | L=2 | Boattini2013[46] | |
| Italians (Sicily) | IE (Italic) | 8.8 | 27.3 | 23.8 | Semino2004[9] | |||||||
| Italians (South) | IE (Italic) | 68 | 25.00% 17/68 |
2.94% 2/68 |
5.88% 4/68 |
25.88% 18/68 |
14.71% 10/68 |
2.94% 2/68 |
Zalloua2008[39] | |||
| Italians (East Sicily) | IE (Italic) | 87 | 19.54% 17/87 |
2.3% 2/87 |
4.6% 4/87 |
29.19% 25/87 |
4.6% 4/87 |
4.6% 4/87 |
Zalloua2008[39] | |||
| Italians (West Sicily) | IE (Italic) | 125 | 27.2% 34/125 |
2.4% 3/125 |
11.2% 14/125 |
19.2% 24/125 |
12.8% 16/125 |
3.2% 4/125 |
Zalloua2008[39] | |||
| Italians (South) | IE (Italic) | 68+ 87+ 125= 280 |
24.29% 68/280 |
2.5% 7/280 |
7.86% 22/280 |
23.93% 67/280 |
10.71% 30/280 |
3.57% 10/280 |
Zalloua2008[39] | |||
| Komi | Uralic (Finnic) | 94 | 16.0 | 33.0 | 5.3 | 35.1 | [23] | |||||
| Komi (Izhemsky) | Uralic (Finnic) | 54 | 0.0 | 29.6 | 1.9 | 0.0 | 0.0 | 0.0 | 68.5 | 0.0 | Mirabal2009[7] | |
| Komi (Priluzsky) | Uralic (Finnic) | 49 | 2.0 | 32.7 | 4.1 | 0.0 | 0.0 | 0.0 | 61.2 | 0.0 | Mirabal2009[7] | |
| Latvians | IE (Baltic) | 114 | 39.5 | 0.9 | 42.1 | Laitinen2002[31] | ||||||
| Lithuanians | IE (Baltic) | 38 | 5.0 | [14] | ||||||||
| Lithuanians | IE (Baltic) | 114 | 36.0 | 0.9 | 43.0 | Laitinen2002[31] | ||||||
| ethnic Macedonians | IE (Slavic, South) | 211 | 11.4 | 14.2 | I1=1.9 I2a=27.5 I2b1=1.9 |
E1b1b1a=15.6 E1b1b1c1=2.4 |
J1=3.3 J2a=7.5 J2b2=5.2 |
3.8 | 0.5 | 1.9 | L=0.5 | Noveski2010[47] |
| ethnic Macedonians (Skopje) | IE (Slavic, South) | 79 | 5.1 | 15.2 | 34.2 | 24.1 | 12.7 | 5.1 | Pericic2005[3] | |||
| Macedonians (Skopje) | IE (Slavic, South) | 52 | 13.5 | 13.5 | 28.8 | 23.1 | 11.5 | 3.8 | Bosch2006[4] | |||
| Maltese | Afro-Asiatic (Semitic) | 187 | 22.0 | 5.0 | 9.0 | 6.0 | 9.0 | 0.0 | Zalloua2008[39] | |||
| Mari | Uralic (Finnic) | 111 | 2.7 | 47.7 | 8.1 | 41.4 | [23] | |||||
| Mari | Uralic (Finnic) | 48 | 10.4 | 29.2 | 0.0 | 6.3 | 50.0 | Rosser2000[14] | ||||
| Moldovans | IE (Italic) | 70 | 6 | 35 | 10 | I+G=37 | Stefan2001[48] | |||||
| Moldavians (Carahasani) | IE (Italic) | 72 | 16.7 | 34.7 | 25.0 | 12.5 | 9.7 | 0.0 | 1.4 | 0.0 | Varzari2006[33] | |
| Moldavians (Sofia) | IE (Italic) | 54 | 16.7 | 20.4 | 35.2 | 13.0 | 5.6 | 1.9 | 3.7 | 1.9 | Varzari2006[33] | |
| Mordvins (Erzya) | Uralic (Finnic) | 46 | 39.1 | Malaspina2003[49] | ||||||||
| Mordvins (Moksha) | Uralic (Finnic) | 46 | 21.7 | Malaspina2003[49] | ||||||||
| Mordvins | Uralic (Finnic) | 83 | 13.3 | 26.5 | 19.3 | 19.3 | [23] | |||||
| Norwegians | IE (Germanic, North) | 906 | 24 | 25 | I1=37 I2=5 |
V13=1 | 1 | 1 | N1c1a=2 | Q=3 | FTDNA[50] | |
| Orcadians | IE (Germanic, West) | 71 | 66.0 | 19.7 | Wilson2001[32] | |||||||
| Poles | IE (Slavic, West) | 16.4[2] | 56.4[2] | 17.8[8] | 4.0[9] | 1.0[9] | ||||||
| Poles | IE (Slavic, West) | 93 | 13.4 | 55.9 | 16.1 | 3.2 | [23] | |||||
| Poles | IE (Slavic, West) | 913 | 11.6 | 57.0 | 17.3 | 4.5 | 2.5 | 3.7 | 3.3 | Kayser2005[34] | ||
| Portuguese | IE (Italic) | 303 | 5.3 | Rootsi2004[8] | ||||||||
| Portuguese (South) | IE (Italic) | 57 | 56.0 | 2.0 | 17.0 | Rosser2000[14] | ||||||
| Portuguese (North) | IE (Italic) | 328 | 62.0 | 0 | 11.0 | Rosser2000[14] | ||||||
| Romanians (Buhusi, Piatra Neamț) | IE (Italic) | 54 | 13.0 | 20.4 | 48.1 | 7.4 | 5.6 | 5.6 | 0.0 | 0.0 | Varzari2006[33] | |
| Romanians | IE (Italic) | 361 | 22.2 | Rootsi2004[8] | ||||||||
| Romanians (Constanţa) | IE (Italic) | 31 | 16.1 | 9.7 | 41.9 | 9.7 | 6.5 | 12.9 | 0.0 | 0.0 | Bosch2006[4] | |
| Romanians (Ploieşti) | IE (Italic) | 36 | 8.3 | 5.6 | 38.9 | 16.7 | 19.4 | 8.3 | 0.0 | 0.0 | Bosch2006[4] | |
| Romanians | IE (Italic) | 179 | 10.1 | 20.1 | I1=5.6 I2a1= 17.3 Other I2= 5.0 |
19.6 | J1=2.2 J2a=7.3 J2b = 8.9 |
2.2 | 0.6 | 0.6 | Q=0.6 | Martinez-Cruz 2012[20] |
| Russians | IE (Slavic, East) | 122 | 6.6 | 46.7 | 6.6 | 4.1 | 18.0 | Rosser2000[14] | ||||
| Russians | IE (Slavic, East) | 61 | 21.3 | 42.6 | 13.1 | 16.4 | [23] | |||||
| Russians (Kursk) | IE (Slavic, East) | 40 | 7.5 | 52.5 | 15.0 | 10.0 | 2.5 | 0 | 12.5 | 0 | 0 | Mirabal2009[7] |
| Russians (Northern) | IE (Slavic, East) | 380 | 6.1 | 33.4 | 14.5 | 0.3 | 1.8 | 1.3 | 41.3 | 0.0 | Balanovsky2008[51] | |
| Russians (Central) | IE (Slavic, East) | 364 | 7.7 | 47.0 | 16.5 | 5.2 | 3.3 | 0.0 | 17.0 | 0.8 | Balanovsky2008[51] | |
| Russians (Adygea) | IE (Slavic, East) | 78 | 24.4 | Rootsi2004[8] | ||||||||
| Russians (Bashkortostan) | IE (Slavic, East) | 50 | 6.0 | Rootsi2004[8] | ||||||||
| Russians (Belgorod region) | IE (Slavic, East) | 143 | 2.8 | 59.4 | 16.7 | Balanovsky[51] | ||||||
| Russians (Cossacks) | IE (Slavic, East) | 97 | 22.7 | Rootsi2004[8] | ||||||||
| Russians (Kostroma region) | IE (Slavic, East) | 53 | 18.9 | Rootsi2004[8] | ||||||||
| Russians (North, Pinega) | IE (Slavic, East) | 127 | 4.7 | Rootsi2004[8] | ||||||||
| Russians (Smolensk region) | IE (Slavic, East) | 120 | 10.8 | Rootsi2004[8] | ||||||||
| Ruthenians (Vojvodina) | IE (Slavic) | 44 | [52] | |||||||||
| Sami (Sweden) | Uralic (Finnic) | 38 | 7.9 | 15.8 | 31.6 | 0.0 | 0.0 | 0.0 | 44.7 | 0.0 | Karlsson2006[53] | |
| Sami | Uralic (Finnic) | 127 | 3.9 | 11.0 | 47.2 | [23] | ||||||
| Sami | Uralic (Finnic) | 31.4 | Rootsi2004[8] | |||||||||
| Sardinians (Sardinia, Italy) | IE (Italic) | 22.1[2] | 42.3[8] | 5.0[9] | 12.5[9] | |||||||
| Sardinians (Northern Sardinia) | IE (Italic) | 86 | 20.0 | 0.0 | 28.0 | 13.0 | 21.0 | 0.0 | Zalloua2008[39] | |||
| Sardinians (Southern Sardinia) | IE (Italic) | 187 | 19.0 | 1.0 | 35.0 | 11.0 | 14.0 | 0.0 | Zalloua2008[39] | |||
| Scots | IE (Germanic, West) | 750 | 72.53% 544/750 |
8.53% 64/750 |
14% 105/750 |
|||||||
| Sephardic Jews | IE (Italic) | 78 | 29.5 | 3.9 | 11.5 | 19.2 | 28.2 | Nebel2001[10] | ||||
| Serbs and South Slavs | IE (Slavic, South) | 1092 | 5 | 20 | I1=9
I2=34 |
14 | J1=2
J2=9 |
4 | 3 | - | Q=1 | Serb DNA Project 2016[54] |
| Serbs | IE (Slavic, South) | 267 | 3 | 26 | I1=9
I2a = 30 |
15 | 9 | 5 | 2 | — | Serb DNA Project 2014[55] | |
| Serbs | IE (Slavic, South) | 179 | 4.5 | 14.5 | I2a=38.5 | 17.3 | 5.6 | 2.2 | 3.3 | H=2.2, Q=1.7, L=0.6 | Mirabal,V.2010[56] | |
| Serbs (Vojvodina) | IE (Slavic, South) | 185 | 10.3 | 15.1 | I2a1=29.7 I1=5.4 |
16.2 | J2=11.4 | 3.2 | H=2.7 Q=1.1 others=4.9 |
Veselinovic 2008[57] | ||
| Serbs (Belgrade) | IE (Slavic, South) | 113 | 10.6 | 15.9 | 36.3 | 21.2 | 8 | Pericic2005[3] | ||||
| Serbs (Aleksandrovac, Serbia) | IE (Slavic, South) | 85 | 1.17 | 21.1 | 41.1 | 15.2 | 9.40 | 10.5 | 0.0 | 0.0 | Todorovic2013 | |
| Serbs | IE (Slavic, South) | 103 | 7.8 | 20.4 | 37.9 | 18.4 | 7.8 | 5.8 | 1.9 | Regueiro2012[58] | ||
| Serbs (Bosnia) | IE (Slavic, South) | 81 | 6.2 | 13.6 | 40.7 | 22.2 | 9.9 | 1.2 | 6.2 | 0.0 | Battaglia2008[5] | |
| Slovaks (Vojvodina) | IE (Slavic, West) | 42 | [52] | |||||||||
| Slovenians | IE (Slavic, South) | 75 | 21.3 | 38.7 | 30.7 | 2.7 | 4.0 | 2.7 | 0.0 | 0.0 | Battaglia2008[5] | |
| Slovenian | IE (Slavic, South) | 70 | 37.1 | 7.1 | 5.7 | 0.0 | 0.0 | Rosser2000[14] | ||||
| Slovenian | IE (Slavic, South) | 55 | 38.2 | Rootsi2004[8] | ||||||||
| Spanish | IE (Italic) | 126 | 68.0 | 2.0 | 10.0 | Rosser2000[14] | ||||||
| Spanish | IE (Italic) | 2121 | 67.3 | 1.6 | 7.2 | E=8.9 | 9.8 | 3.2 | -- | 1.3 | 0.8 | Martinez2016[59] |
| Ibiza islanders | IE (Italic) | 54 | 57.4 | 0.0 | 1.9 | 7.4 | 13.0 | 16.7 | Zalloua2008[39] | |||
| Majorca islanders | IE (Italic) | 62 | 66.1 | 0.0 | 8.1 | 6.2 | 6.2 | 1.6 | Zalloua2008[39] | |||
| Menorca islanders | IE (Italic) | 37 | 73.0 | 2.7 | 2.7 | 18.9 | 0.0 | 0.0 | Zalloua2008[39] | |||
| Spanish (South) | IE (Italic) | 162 | 65.0 | 2.0 | 6.0 | 9.0 | 4.0 | 0.0 | Zalloua2008[39] | |||
| Valencians | IE (Italic) | 73 | 64.0 | 3.0 | 10.0 | 11.0 | 1.0 | 1.0 | Zalloua2008[39] | |||
| Swedes (Northern) | IE (Germanic, North) | 48 | 22.9 | 18.8 | 2.1 | 2.1 | 8.3 | Rosser2000[14] | ||||
| Swedes | IE (Germanic, North) | 1800+ | U106=7 L21=2 DF27, U152=1 V88=1 L238=1 other=9 |
18 | I1=42 I2a2a=3 |
V27=1 | J2=1 | G2a=1 others=2 |
N1c=5 others=2 |
- | Q=3 | FTDNA 2016[60] |
| Swedes | IE (Germanic, North) | 110 | 20.0 | 17.3 | Helgason2000[17] | |||||||
| Swedes | IE (Germanic, North) | 225 | 40 | Rootsi2004[8] | ||||||||
| Swedes | IE (Germanic, North) | 160 | 13.1 | 24.4 | 37.5 | 1.3 | 0.0 | 14.4 | Lappalainen2008[61] | |||
| Swiss | IE (German/Italic) | 606 | 55 | 4 | 16 | 7 | 6 | 9 | 0 | 0 | K=1 | Zieger 2020[62] |
| Tatars | Turkic | 126 | 8.7 | 24.1 | 4.0 | 33.0 | [23] | |||||
| Turks | Turkic | 523 | 16 | 7 | 5 | 11 | 33 | 11 | 4 | K2=2 | L=4, Q=2, C=1, R2=1, H=1, A+DE*+R*+O = 2 |
Cinnioglu 2004[63] |
| Turks (Istanbul) | Turkic | 81 | 15 | 9 | 10 | 12 | 27 | 7 | 2 | K2=4 | L=5, C=4, DE*=5 | Cinnioglu 2004 |
| Turks (Bulgaria) | Turkic | 63 | 8 | 10 | I2=13 I1=6 |
13 | J2=18 J1=6 |
6 | 5 | H=11, Q=3 | Zaharova 2001 | |
| Udmurt | Uralic (Finnic) | 87 | 2.3 | 10.35% 9/87 |
1.1 | 85.06 74/87 |
[23] | |||||
| Ukrainians | IE (Slavic, East) | 759 | 7.9 | 43.2 | 27.2 | 7.4 | 3.8 | 3 | 5.4 | 1.3 | 0.8 | Kushniarevich2015[64] |
| Ukrainians | IE (Slavic, East) | 21.9[8] | 8.6[9] | 7.3[9] | ||||||||
| Ukrainians | IE (Slavic, East) | 53 | 18.9 | 41.5 | 24.5 | 9.4 | 0.0 | 5.7 | 0.0 | Varzari2006[33] | ||
| Welsh (Anglesey) | IE (Celtic) | 88 | 88.64% 78/88 |
1.0 | 3.0 | Wilson2001[32] | ||||||
| Welsh (Anglesey) | IE (Celtic) | 196 | 8.1 | Rootsi2004[8] |
Notes
- ↑ Total Aromuns: 39 + 19 + 43 + 65 + 42 =208
- ↑ I in Bosnians (Zenica): I1a= 1.45%, 1/69. I1b*(xM26)= 52.20%, 36/69
Chronological development of haplogroups
| Haplogroup | Possible time of origin | Possible place of origin | TMRCA in Europe[65][66] |
| E | 69,000 years ago[66][67] | East Africa[68] or West Asia[69] | 38–59,000 years ago |
| D | 68,300 years ago | Asia | |
| C | c. 53,000 years ago | Asia | >35,000 years ago[70]>[71] |
| F | 38–56,000 years ago[citation needed] | ||
| IJ | 30–46,000 years ago | ||
| K | 40–54,000 years ago[citation needed] | ||
| E-M215 (E1b1b) | 31–46,000 years ago[72] | 39–55,000 years ago[citation needed] | |
| P | 27–41,000 years ago | ||
| J | 19–44,500 years ago[68] | ||
| R | 20–34,000 years ago | ||
| I | Balkans | 15–30,000 years ago | |
| R-M173 | 13–26,000 years ago | ||
| I-M438 | 28–33,000 years ago[73] | 16–20,000 years ago | |
| E-M35 | 20–30,000 years ago[72] | 15–21,000 years ago | |
| J-M267 | 15–34,000[68] years ago | ||
| R-M420 (R1a) | 25,000 years ago[74] | Eurasia (Iran?[75]) | 8–10,000 years ago |
| R-M343 (R1b) | 22,000 years ago[76] | West Asia[77] | |
| N | at least 21,000 years ago (STR age)[78] | ||
| I-M253 | 11–21,000[79] or 28–33,000 years ago[73] | 3–5,000 years ago | |
| J-M172 | 15–22,000[68] years ago | 19–24,000 years ago[65] | |
| E-M78 | 15–20,000[72] or 17,500–20,000 years ago[80] | Northeast Africa[80] | at least 17,000 years ago[80] |
| E-V12 | 12,500–18,000 years ago[80] | ||
| R-M17 | 13 ,000[81] or 18,000 years ago[82] | India | |
| I-L460 | present 13,000 years ago[83] | ||
| I-M223 | 11–18,000 years ago[79] | ||
| E-V13 | 7–17,000 years ago[80] | West Asia[80] | 5–9,000 years ago (Balkan) 4–4,700 years ago (Europe) 6,800–17,000 years ago (Asia)[80] |
| R-Z280 | 11–14,000 years ago[41] | ||
| N-M46 | at least 12,000 years ago (STR age)[78] | ||
| R-M458 | 11,000 years ago[41] | ||
| I-P37 | 6–16,000,[79] present 10,000 years ago[84] | ||
| I-M423 | present 10,000 years ago[84] | ||
| I-M26 | 2–17,000,[79] present 8,000 years ago[84] | ||
| R-M269 | 5,500–8,000 years ago[85] | ||
| R-L11, R-S116 | 3–5,000 years ago |
See also
- Europe
- Y-DNA haplogroups by population
- Y-DNA haplogroups in populations of the Near East
- Y-DNA haplogroups in populations of North Africa
- Y-DNA haplogroups in populations of Sub-Saharan Africa
- Y-DNA haplogroups in populations of the Caucasus
- Y-DNA haplogroups in populations of South Asia
- Y-DNA haplogroups in populations of East and Southeast Asia
- Y-DNA haplogroups in populations of Oceania
- Y-DNA haplogroups in populations of Central and North Asia
- Y-DNA haplogroups in indigenous peoples of the Americas
References
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- Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
- Distribution of European Y-chromosome DNA (Y-DNA) haplogroups by country in percentage. 2004-2021 Eupedia
- Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
Template:Y-chromosome haplogroups by population
- ↑ IE = Indo-European
- ↑ 2.00 2.01 2.02 2.03 2.04 2.05 2.06 2.07 2.08 2.09 2.10 Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
- ↑ 3.0 3.1 3.2 3.3 3.4 3.5 Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
- ↑ 4.00 4.01 4.02 4.03 4.04 4.05 4.06 4.07 4.08 4.09 4.10 Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
- ↑ 5.00 5.01 5.02 5.03 5.04 5.05 5.06 5.07 5.08 5.09 5.10 Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
- ↑ Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
- ↑ 7.0 7.1 7.2 7.3 Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
- ↑ 8.00 8.01 8.02 8.03 8.04 8.05 8.06 8.07 8.08 8.09 8.10 8.11 8.12 8.13 8.14 8.15 8.16 8.17 8.18 8.19 8.20 8.21 8.22 8.23 8.24 8.25 Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.[page needed]
- ↑ 9.00 9.01 9.02 9.03 9.04 9.05 9.06 9.07 9.08 9.09 9.10 9.11 9.12 9.13 9.14 Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
- ↑ 10.0 10.1 Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
- ↑ Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
- ↑ Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
- ↑ Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
- ↑ 14.00 14.01 14.02 14.03 14.04 14.05 14.06 14.07 14.08 14.09 14.10 14.11 14.12 14.13 14.14 14.15 Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
- ↑ Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
- ↑ Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
- ↑ 17.0 17.1 17.2 17.3 17.4 17.5 17.6 17.7 Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
- ↑ Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
- ↑ Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
- ↑ 20.0 20.1 Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
- ↑ Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
- ↑ 22.0 22.1 Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
- ↑ 23.0 23.1 23.2 23.3 23.4 23.5 23.6 23.7 23.8 23.9 Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
- ↑ 24.0 24.1 24.2 24.3 24.4 24.5 Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
- ↑ 25.0 25.1 25.2 25.3 25.4 25.5 25.6 Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
- ↑ Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
- ↑ Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
- ↑ Altena, E., Smeding, R., van der Gaag, K.J. et al. The Dutch Y-chromosomal landscape. Eur J Hum Genet 28, 287–299 (2020). https://doi.org/10.1038/s41431-019-0496-0
- ↑ 29.0 29.1 Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
- ↑ Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
- ↑ 31.0 31.1 31.2 Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
- ↑ 32.0 32.1 32.2 Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
- ↑ 33.0 33.1 33.2 33.3 33.4 33.5 Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
- ↑ 34.0 34.1 Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
- ↑ Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
- ↑ Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
- ↑ 37.0 37.1 37.2 37.3 37.4 37.5 37.6 37.7 37.8 37.9 Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
- ↑ 38.0 38.1 38.2 Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
- ↑ 39.00 39.01 39.02 39.03 39.04 39.05 39.06 39.07 39.08 39.09 39.10 39.11 39.12 39.13 39.14 Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
- ↑ 40.0 40.1 Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
- ↑ 41.0 41.1 41.2 Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
- ↑ Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
- ↑ Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
- ↑ Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
- ↑ 45.0 45.1 Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
- ↑ Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
- ↑ Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
- ↑ Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
- ↑ 49.0 49.1 Malaspina et al. (2003).
- ↑ Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
- ↑ 51.0 51.1 51.2 Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
- ↑ 52.0 52.1 Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
- ↑ Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
- ↑ Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
- ↑ Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
- ↑ Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
- ↑ Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
- ↑ Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
- ↑ Martinez-Cadenas, C., Blanco-Verea, A., Hernando, B. et al. The relationship between surname frequency and Y chromosome variation in Spain. Eur J Hum Genet 24, 120–128 (2016). https://doi.org/10.1038/ejhg.2015.75
- ↑ Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
- ↑ Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
- ↑ Martin Zieger & Silvia Utz (2020) The Y-chromosomal haplotype and haplogroup distribution of modern Switzerland still reflects the alpine divide as a geographical barrier for human migration FSI Genetics, Volume 48, 102345, September 01, 2020. DOI:https://doi.org/10.1016/j.fsigen.2020.102345
- ↑ Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
- ↑ Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
- ↑ 65.0 65.1 Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
- ↑ 66.0 66.1 Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
- ↑ Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
- ↑ 68.0 68.1 68.2 68.3 Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
- ↑ Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
- ↑ Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
- ↑ Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
- ↑ 72.0 72.1 72.2 Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
- ↑ 73.0 73.1 Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
- ↑ 95% CI: 21, 300–29, 000 BP (Underhill et al. 2015)
- ↑ Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
- ↑ Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
- ↑ Myres2010
- ↑ 78.0 78.1 Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
- ↑ 79.0 79.1 79.2 79.3 Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
- ↑ 80.0 80.1 80.2 80.3 80.4 80.5 80.6 Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
- ↑ Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
- ↑ Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
- ↑ Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
- ↑ 84.0 84.1 84.2 Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
- ↑ Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
