Hepatoblastoma
| Hepatoblastoma | |
|---|---|
Micrograph of a hepatoblastoma. H&E stain.
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| Classification and external resources | |
| Specialty | Lua error in Module:Wikidata at line 446: attempt to index field 'wikibase' (a nil value). |
| ICD-10 | C22.0 |
| ICD-O | M8970/3 |
| DiseasesDB | 5799 |
| eMedicine | ped/982 radio/331 |
| Patient UK | Hepatoblastoma |
| MeSH | D018197 |
Hepatoblastoma is an uncommon malignant liver cancer occurring in infants and children and composed of tissue resembling fetal liver cells, mature liver cells, or bile duct cells. They usually present with an abdominal mass. The disease is most commonly diagnosed during a child's first three years of life.[1] Alpha-fetoprotein (AFP) levels are commonly elevated, but when AFP is not elevated at diagnosis the prognosis is poor.[2]
Pathophysiology
Hepatoblastomas originate from immature liver precursor cells, usually unifocal and affect the right lobe of the liver more often than the left lobe, can metastasize. They are categorized into two types: "Epithelial Type" and "Mixed Epithelial / Mesenchymal Type."
Individuals with familial adenomatous polyposis (FAP), a syndrome of early-onset colonic polyps and adenocarcinoma, frequently develop hepatoblastomas.[3][4] Also beta-catenin mutations have been shown to be common in sporadic hepatoblastomas, occurring in as many as 67% of patients.[5][6]
Recently on other components of the Wnt signaling pathway have also demonstrated a likely role for constitutive activation of this pathway in the etiology of hepatoblastoma.[6][7]
Accumulating evidence suggests that hepatoblastoma is derived from a pluripotent stem cell.[8]
Treatment
The most common method of testing for hepatoblastoma is a blood test checking the alpha-fetoprotein level. Alpha-fetoprotein (AFP) is used as a biomarker to help determine the presence of liver cancer in children. At birth, infants have relatively high levels of AFP, which fall to normal adult levels by the first year of life. The normal level for AFP in children has been reported as lower than 50 nanograms per milliliter (ng/ml) and 10 ng/ml. An AFP level greater than 500 (ng/ml) is a significant indicator of hepatoblastoma. AFP is also used as an indicator of treatment success. If treatments are successful in removing the cancer, the AFP level is expected to return to normal.[9]
Surgical removal of the tumor, adjuvant chemotherapy prior to tumor removal, and liver transplantation have been used to treat these cancers.[10][11] Primary liver transplantation provides high, long term, disease-free survival rate in the range of 80%, in cases of complete tumor removal and adjuvant chemotherapy survival rates approach 100%.[12][13] The presence of metastases is the strongest predictor of a poor prognosis.[14]
References
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<references />, or <references group="..." />External links
- humpath #2775 (Pathology images)
- University of Minnesota hepatoblastoma epidemiology study
- What is Hepatoblastoma?
- ↑ http://hepatoblastoma.mditv.com/generalinfo[full citation needed]
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- ↑ Pediatric Hepatoblastoma at eMedicine
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