List of antidepressants

This is a complete list of clinically-approved prescription antidepressants throughout the world, as well as clinically-approved prescription drugs used to augment antidepressants, by pharmacological and/or structural classification. Chemical/generic names are listed first, with brand names in parentheses. All drugs listed are approved specifically for major depressive disorder unless noted otherwise.

Selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors (SSRIs)

• Citalopram (Celexa)
• Escitalopram (Lexapro, Cipralex)
• Paroxetine (Paxil, Seroxat)
• Fluoxetine (Prozac)
• Fluvoxamine (Luvox)
• Sertraline (Zoloft, Lustral)

Zimelidine (Normud, Zelmid) and indalpine (Upstene) were also formerly used as antidepressants, but were withdrawn from the market.

Serotonin-norepinephrine reuptake inhibitors (SNRIs)

• Desvenlafaxine (Pristiq)
• Duloxetine (Cymbalta)
• Levomilnacipran (Fetzima)
• Milnacipran (Ixel, Savella)
• Tofenacin (Elamol, Tofacine)
• Venlafaxine (Effexor)

Serotonin modulators and stimulators (SMSs)

• Vilazodone (Viibryd)
• Vortioxetine (Brintellix)

These drugs act as serotonin reuptake inhibitors and agonize/antagonize various serotonin receptors.

Serotonin antagonists and reuptake inhibitors (SARIs)

• Etoperidone (Axiomin, Etonin)
• Nefazodone (Nefadar, Serzone) – withdrawn/discontinued in many but not all countries
• Trazodone (Desyrel)

These drugs act as antagonists of various serotonin receptors and as monoamine reuptake inhibitors to a lesser extent.

Norepinephrine reuptake inhibitors (NRIs)

• Reboxetine (Edronax)
• Viloxazine (Vivalan)

Atomoxetine (Strattera) is also sometimes used as an antidepressant, but is not specifically approved for this purpose.

Tricyclic antidepressants (TCAs)

• Amitriptyline (Elavil, Endep)
• Amitriptylinoxide (Amioxid, Ambivalon, Equilibrin)
• Clomipramine (Anafranil)
• Desipramine (Norpramin, Pertofrane)
• Dibenzepin (Noveril, Victoril)
• Dosulepin (Prothiaden)
• Doxepin (Adapin, Sinequan)
• Imipramine (Tofranil)
• Lofepramine (Lomont, Gamanil)
• Melitracen (Dixeran, Melixeran, Trausabun)
• Nitroxazepine (Sintamil)
• Nortriptyline (Pamelor, Aventyl)
• Noxiptiline (Agedal, Elronon, Nogedal)
• Pipofezine (Azafen/Azaphen)
• Protriptyline (Vivactil)
• Trimipramine (Surmontil)

Butriptyline (Evadyne), demexiptiline (Deparon, Tinoran), imipraminoxide (Imiprex, Elepsin), iprindole (Prondol, Galatur, Tetran), metapramine (Timaxel), propizepine (Depressin, Vagran), and quinupramine (Kinupril, Kevopril) were also formerly marketed, but have since been discontinued.

The following are also TCAs, but are atypical pharmacologically:

• Opipramol (Insidon) – sigma receptor agonist
• Tianeptine (Stablon) – unknown/unclear mechanism of action

Amineptine (Survector, Maneon) is another atypical TCA, acting as a norepinephrine-dopamine reuptake inhibitor (NDRI), but was withdrawn from the market.

Tiazesim (Altinil) is technically not a TCA, but it is a heterocyclic antidepressant that is very closely related, and similarly to various TCAs, it is no longer marketed.

Tetracyclic antidepressants (TeCAs)

• Amoxapine (Asendin)
• Maprotiline (Ludiomil)
• Mianserin (Bolvidon, Norval, Tolvon)
• Mirtazapine (Remeron)
• Setiptiline (Tecipul)

Mianserin, mirtazapine, and setiptiline are also sometimes described as noradrenergic and specific serotonergic antidepressants (NaSSAs).

Monoamine oxidase inhibitors (MAOIs)

Irreversible

Non-selective

• Isocarboxazid (Marplan)
• Phenelzine (Nardil)
• Tranylcypromine (Parnate)

Many others, including benmoxin (Neuralex), iproclozide (Sursum), iproniazid (Marsilid), mebanazine (Actomol), nialamide (Niamid), octamoxin (Ximaol), pheniprazine (Catron), phenoxypropazine (Drazine), pivhydrazine (Tersavid), and safrazine (Safra) were used as antidepressants in the past, but have since been discontinued.

Selective for MAO-B

• Selegiline (Eldepryl, Zelapar, Emsam)

Reversible

Non-selective

Caroxazone (Surodil, Timostenil) was formerly used as an antidepressant, but has been discontinued.

Selective for MAO-A

• Metralindole (Inkazan)
• Moclobemide (Aurorix, Manerix)
• Pirlindole (Pirazidol)
• Toloxatone (Humoryl)

These drugs are sometimes described as reversible inhibitors of MAO-A (RIMAs).

Eprobemide (Befol) and minaprine (Brantur, Cantor) were also formerly used as antidepressants, but have been discontinued.

Atypical antipsychotics

• Amisulpride (Solian) – specifically approved as a monotherapy for dysthymia
• Lurasidone (Latuda) – specifically approved as a monotherapy for depressive episodes in bipolar disorder
• Quetiapine (Seroquel) – specifically approved as a monotherapy for depressive episodes in bipolar disorder

Others

Marketed

• Agomelatine (Valdoxan) – 5-HT_2C receptor antagonist and MT₁ and MT₂ receptor agonist
• Bifemelane (Alnert, Celeport) – RIMA, irreversible inhibitor of MAO-B, and weak NRI
• Bupropion (Wellbutrin) – NRI and non-competitive antagonist of various neuronal nACh receptors
• Ketamine (Ketalar) – mainly a non-competitive NMDA receptor antagonist – not specifically approved for depression (used off-label)
• Tandospirone (Sediel) – 5-HT_1A receptor partial agonist
• Teniloxazine (Lucelan, Metatone) – NRI and 5-HT_2A receptor antagonist

Discontinued/withdrawn from the market

• α-Methyltryptamine [αMT] (Indopan) – multiple serotonin receptor agonist, serotonin-norepinephrine-dopamine releasing agent (SNDRA), and weak RIMA
• Etryptamine [α-Ethyltryptamine (αET)] (Monase) – multiple serotonin receptor agonist, SNDRA, and weak RIMA
• Indeloxazine (Elen, Noin) – serotonin releasing agent (SRA), NRI, and NMDA receptor antagonist
• Medifoxamine (Clédial, Gerdaxyl) – weak serotonin-dopamine reuptake inhibitor (SDRI) and 5-HT_2A and 5-HT_2C receptor antagonist
• Nomifensine (Merital, Alival) – NDRI
• Oxaflozane (Conflictan) – 5-HT_1A, 5-HT_2A, and 5-HT_2C receptor agonist
• Pivagabine (Tonerg) – unknown/unclear mechanism of action

Over-the-counter

The following antidepressants are available both with a prescription and over-the-counter:

• Ademetionine [S-Adenosyl-L-methionine (SAMe)] (Heptral, Transmetil, Samyl) – cofactor in monoamine neurotransmitter biosynthesis
• Hypericum perforatum [St. John's Wort (SJW)] (Jarsin, Kira, Movina) – TRPC6 activator, and various other actions
• Oxitriptan [5-Hydroxytryptophan (5-HTP)] (Cincofarm, Levothym, Triptum) – precursor in serotonin biosynthesis
• Tryptophan (Tryptan, Optimax, Aminomine) – precursor in serotonin biosynthesis

Adjunctive treatments

Atypical antipsychotics

• Aripiprazole (Abilify) – specifically approved as an adjunct for major depressive disorder
• Brexpiprazole (Rexulti) – specifically approved as an adjunct for major depressive disorder
• Lurasidone (Latuda) – specifically approved as an adjunct for depressive episodes in bipolar disorder
• Olanzapine (Zyprexa) – specifically approved as an adjunct for major depressive disorder
• Quetiapine (Seroquel) – approved as an adjunct for both major depressive disorder and depressive episodes in bipolar disorder
• Risperidone (Risperdal) – not specifically approved as an adjunct for major depressive disorder (used off-label)

Others

• Buspirone (BuSpar) – 5-HT_1A receptor partial agonist – not specifically approved for depression (used off-label)
• Lithium (Eskalith, Lithobid) – mood stabilizer (exact mechanism of action unknown) – not specifically approved for depression (used off-label)
• Thyroxine (T₄) – thyroid hormone (THR agonist) – not specifically approved for depression (used off-label)
• Triiodothyronine (T₃) – thyroid hormone (THR agonist) – not specifically approved for depression (used off-label)

Combination products

• Amitriptyline/perphenazine (Etafron) – TCA and typical antipsychotic combination
• Flupentixol/melitracen (Deanxit) – TCA and typical antipsychotic combination
• Olanzapine/fluoxetine (Symbyax) – SSRI and atypical antipsychotic combination – specifically approved as a monotherapy for depressive episodes in bipolar disorder
• Tranylcypromine/trifluoperazine (Parstelin, Parmodalin, Jatrosom N, Stelapar) – MAOI and typical antipsychotic combination

Selection of investigational agents currently in clinical trials

• Ademetionine (SAMe; MSI-190, MSI-195, Strada) – cofactor in monoamine neurotransmitter biosynthesis – specifically under development in the United States and Europe for the adjunctive treatment of MDD[1]
• ALKS-5461 (buprenorphine/samidorphan) – κ-opioid receptor antagonist[2]
• Amitifadine (DOV-21,947, EB-1010) – serotonin-norepinephrine-dopamine reuptake inhibitor (SNDRI)[3]
• Ansofaxine (LY03005, LPM570065) – SNDRI[4]
• Aripiprazole/sertraline (ASC-01) – AA and SSRI combination[5]
• AV-101 (4-chlorokynurenine) – NMDA receptor glycine site antagonist[6]
• Basimglurant (RG7090) – mGlu₅ receptor negative allosteric modulator[7]
• CERC-301 (MK-0657) – NMDA receptor subunit 2B (NR2B) antagonist[8]
• CERC-501 (LY-2456302) – κ-opioid receptor antagonist[9]
• Cycloserine/lurasidone (Cyclurad) – NMDA receptor glycine site partial agonist and AA combination – specifically under development for the treatment of depressive episodes in bipolar disorder[10]
• Esketamine (JNJ-54135419) – mainly a non-competitive NMDA receptor antagonist[11]
• EVT-101 (ENS-101) – NR2B antagonist[12]
• ITI-007 – AA – specifically under development as a monotherapy for depressive episodes in bipolar disorder[13]
• JNJ-42847922 (MIN-202, JNJ-922) – OX₂ receptor antagonist[14]
• Ketamine (TUR-002) – mainly a non-competitive NMDA receptor antagonist[15]
• Lurasidone (Latuda) – AA – specifically under development for the treatment of MDD[16]
• LY-2940094 – nociceptin receptor antagonist[17]
• MIN-117 (WF-516) – SDRI, 5-HT_1A receptor antagonist, 5-HT_2A, α_1A-adrenergic, and α_1B-adrenergic receptor ligand[18]
• NNI-351 – DYRK1A inhibitor/"nerve growth factor stimulant"[19]
• NRX-1074 – NMDA receptor glycine site partial agonist[20]
• NSI-189 – hippocampal neurotrophin (precise mechanism of action unknown)[21]
• PH-10 – vomeropherine (precise mechanism of action unknown/undisclosed)[22]
• Rapastinel (GLYX-13) – NMDA receptor glycine site partial agonist[23]
• Sirukumab (CNTO-136) – monoclonal antibody for interleukin-6[24]
• TGBA01AD – SRI, 5-HT_1A and 5-HT_1D receptor agonist, 5-HT₂ receptor antagonist[25]
• Tramadol (ETS6103/Viotra) – μ-opioid receptor agonist, δ- and κ-opioid receptor ligand, SRA, NRI, 5-HT_2C receptor antagonist, NMDA receptor antagonist, α₇ nAChR antagonist, M₁ and M₃ receptor antagonist, and TRPV1 agonist[26]

See also

• List of psychiatric medications by condition treated